ArticleJournal of athletic training2024
Limited Total Arc Glenohumeral Rotation and Shoulder Biomechanics During Baseball Pitching.
Article in Journal of athletic training, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Arthroscopic Circumferential Labral Repair and Biceps Tenodesis in Elite Throwing Athletes: Technical Considerations.Arthroscopy techniques · 2026Article
- Shoulder Strength and Total Arc Range of Motion: Associations With Upper-Extremity Joint Kinetics and Ball Velocity in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Biomechanical and Clinical Analysis of a Youth Ambidextrous Baseball Pitcher: A Case Report.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextUpper extremity injuries in baseball pitchers cause significant time loss from competing and decreased quality of life. Although shoulder range of motion (ROM) is reported as a key factor to prevent potential injury, it remains unclear how limited glenohumeral ROM affects pitching biomechanics which may contribute to upper extremity injuries.
objectiveTo investigate how pitchers with decreased total arc glenohumeral ROM of the throwing arm differed in upper extremity pitching kinematics and kinetics as well as ball velocity compared with pitchers with greater levels of glenohumeral ROM.
designCross-sectional study.
settingLaboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsFifty-seven baseball pitchers (ages 18-24) were divided into either control (≥160° total arc) or lower ROM (<160° total arc) groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The mean glenohumeral ROM deficits, pitching kinematic and kinetic outcomes, and ball velocity were compared between groups.
resultsThe control group demonstrated significantly less deficit in total arc ROM between arms than the lower ROM (control: -1.5° ± 10.0°; lower ROM: -12.4° ± 13.9°; P < .001). While the lower ROM group displayed less maximal shoulder external rotation (ER) while pitching, the control group had significantly less difference in ROM between maximal shoulder ER while pitching and clinically measured ER (lower ROM: 64.4° ± 12.1°; control: 55.8° ± 16.6°; P = .025). The control group had significantly faster ball velocity than the lower ROM group (control: 85.0 ± 4.3 mph; lower ROM: 82.4 ± 4.8 mph; P = .024).
conclusionPitchers with decreased total arc glenohumeral ROM (<160° total arc) may undergo overstretching toward ER in the shoulder during the late cocking phase. Pitchers with higher total arc ROM can pitch the same or faster ball without increasing loading in the upper extremity. Total arc glenohumeral ROM measurement can be a clinical screening tool to monitor shoulder condition over the time, and pitchers with limited total arc ROM might be at higher risk of shoulder injury.
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