Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38440295›Full record

ArticleHeliyon2024

Thermal and hydraulic performance of ZnO/EG based nanofluids in mini tubes of different diameters: An experimental investigation.

Muhammad Ahsan, Adnan Qamar, Rabia Shaukat, Habib-Ur-Rehman Siddiqi, Zahid Anwar, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Amjad, Shahid Imran, Mansoor Ahmed, M A Mujtaba and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Heliyon, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Muhammad AhsanDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan.
Adnan QamarDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan.
Rabia ShaukatDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan.
Habib-Ur-Rehman SiddiqiDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan.
Zahid AnwarDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan.
Muhammad FarooqDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan.
Muhammad AmjadDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan.
Shahid ImranDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan.
Mansoor AhmedZI Engineering, PC 10 Fifth Street, Third Floor Suite 303, Valley Stream, NY, 44581, United States.
M A MujtabaDepartment of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, New-Campus, Pakistan.
H FayazModeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
Basma SouayehDepartment of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The present experimental study investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of Ethylene Glycol (EG)-based ZnO nanofluids (NFs) in circular minichannel test sections, each of 330 mm in length and 1.0-2.0 mm inner diameters. The experiments were conducted under steady-state constant heat flux and laminar flow conditions. The stable ZnO/EG-based NFs were synthesized using a standard two-step method in varying nanoparticles (NPs) loadings (0.012-0.048 wt%). The morphological characteristics, crystal structure, and specific surface area (SSA) showed that the NPs were sized in nm, possessing excellent crystal structure and enhanced surface area. Thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity (VC) of the NFs were examined in the 20-60 °C temperature range. Both TC and VC possessed an increasing trend with the rise in concentration of the NPs. However, with the temperature rise, TC increased while the VC decreased and vice versa. The highest enhancements in TC and VC were 14.38 % and 15.22 %, respectively, at 40 °C and 0.048 wt% of NPs loading. The highest enrichment recorded in the local and average heat transfer coefficient (HTC) were 14.80 % and 13.48% in a minichannel with 1.0 mm inner diameter, respectively. It was directly proportional to the NPs loading and volume flow rate of the NFs. The friction factor was also directly proportional to the test section's inner cross-sectional area, while the pressure gradient showed an inverse behavior. An inverse relationship was recorded for the volume flow rate of the NFs and vice versa. Maximum friction factor and the pressure drop for all three minichannel test sections were recorded as 34.58 % and 32.16 %, respectively. The well-known Shah correlation predicted the local and average HTC within ±15.0 %, while the friction factor and the pressure gradient were well predicted by the Darcy correlation within the ±10.0 % range.

Indexed as

Compact channelsEthylene glycolFrictional lossesHeat transfer coefficientNanofluidNanoparticleStabilityThermal conductivityViscosity

Identifiers

PMID38440295
PMCPMC10909767

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.