ReviewInnovation (Cambridge (Mass.))2024
Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure: Drivers, effectiveness, and future needs.
Review in Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 187 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extreme temperature events and hospitalizations for 59 autoimmune diseases in Korea: A nationwide outcome-wide, time-stratified, case-crossover study.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Article
- Daily relationship between air pollution and physical activity in an industrial region.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2026Article
- Universal Thermal Climate Index and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Risk: Effect Modification by Green Space in a Chinese Prospective Cohort.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Assessing Intraurban Variation in Heat-Attributable Health Burden to Inform Local Interventions.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Optimized spatial planning offers a dual solution for managing urban heat and air pollution in humid subtropical climates.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Ecosystem technology (ecotech): Harnessing natural processes to address global challenges.Science advances · 2026Review
- Overlooked considerations in prescribing green and blue infrastructure solutions for urban environments.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2026Review
- Dense canopies reverse the cooling effect of urban greening in humid cities.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A comparative SWOT analysis of urban green infrastructure in the Global South.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Greening mitigates heat-related mortality in Paris.npj urban sustainability · 2026Article
- Climate resilient adaptation of coastal amenities for wellbeing.Cambridge prisms. Coastal futures · 2026Review
- Effects of extreme heat on the onset of dementia and all-cause mortality: A 3-year follow-up study in a large population-based cohort in Japan.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- The Escalating Threat of Heatwaves in Central Asia: Climate Change Impacts and Public Health Risks.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2025Article
- Community-level risk factors for temperature-related mortality in France.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Urban Microclimates and Their Relationship with Social Isolation: A Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- How Systemic Barriers Can Impact Health Inequities When Facing Climate Change Stressors: A Scoping Review of Global Differences.GeoHealth · 2025Review
- Floristic Inventory and Diversity of Urban Green Spaces in the Municipality of Assemini (Sardinia, Italy).Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Impacts of road development in sub-Saharan Africa: A call for holistic perspectives in research and policy.iScience · 2025Review
- Extreme Temperature Events in Kazakhstan and Their Impacts on Public Health and Energy Demand.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
29 authors at 19 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change. Yet, the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure (GBGI), such as parks, wetlands, and engineered greening, which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air temperatures. Despite many reviews, the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are unclear. This systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits, identifies knowledge gaps, and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their benefits. After screening 27,486 papers, 202 were reviewed, based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main divisions. Certain GBGI (green walls, parks, street trees) have been well researched for their urban cooling capabilities. However, several other GBGI have received negligible (zoological garden, golf course, estuary) or minimal (private garden, allotment) attention. The most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens (5.0 ± 3.5°C), wetlands (4.9 ± 3.2°C), green walls (4.1 ± 4.2°C), street trees (3.8 ± 3.1°C), and vegetated balconies (3.8 ± 2.7°C). Under changing climate conditions (2070-2100) with consideration of RCP8.5, there is a shift in climate subtypes, either within the same climate zone (e.g., Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa) or across other climate zones (e.g., Dfb [continental warm-summer humid] to BSk [dry, cold semi-arid] and Cwa [temperate] to Am [tropical]). These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the future. Given the importance of multiple services, it is crucial to balance their functionality, cooling performance, and other related co-benefits when planning for the future GBGI. This global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating, filling research gaps, and promoting community resilience.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.