ArticleJournal of toxicology2024
NETosis Secondary to the Use of Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine: A Likely Underlying Mechanism of Vasculopathy.
Article in Journal of toxicology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and types of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with nephrotic syndrome treated with levamisole.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Retinal Vascular Complications in Cocaine Abuse: A Case Report and a Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Cocaine- and Levamisole-Induced Vasculitis: Defining the Spectrum of Autoimmune Manifestations.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Since 2010, several cases of a new vasculopathy induced by the use of levamisole-adulterated cocaine (LAC) have been reported. This vasculopathy is characterized by retiform purpura, earlobe necrosis, multisystem compromise, and multiple autoantibodies. Given its similarity to antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, LAC-associated vasculopathy is postulated to be mediated by pathophysiologic processes resulting from neutrophil cell death by NETosis, a phenomenon previously described in ANCA vasculitis. This study tries to establish the presence of NETosis induced by cocaine, levamisole, or both. Results: Cocaine, levamisole, and a cocaine-levamisole mixture induced neutrophil cell death. DNA/MPO extrusion and cell morphology patterns were consistent with NETosis. Neither proinflammatory cytokines nor ROS behaved as proNETotic factors. Preliminary results suggested that muscarinic receptors and calcium-dependent signals were involved in LAC-induced NETosis. Conclusions: Cocaine, levamisole, and a cocaine-levamisole mixture can induce NETosis through mechanisms involving muscarinic receptors and calcium-dependent pathways.
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Registered trials
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