ArticleMayo Clinic proceedings2024
Adrenal Hemorrhage: A Comprehensive Analysis of a Heterogeneous Entity-Etiology, Presentation, Management, and Outcomes.
Article in Mayo Clinic proceedings, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- High metanephrines with adrenal hemorrhage: a diagnostic dilemma.JCEM case reports · 2026Article
- Pheochromocytoma Presenting as Spontaneous Adrenal Hemorrhage in a Normotensive Patient: A Case Report.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage After Laminectomy: A Rare Complication.JCEM case reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Adrenal Haemorrhage in the Context of Acute Systemic Illness: Three Cases With Diverse Clinical Presentations.Cureus · 2025Article
- Article
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as acute adrenal hemorrhage.Blood research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the etiology, presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with adrenal hemorrhage (AH). PATIENTS AND
methodsLongitudinal study of consecutive adult patients with radiologically confirmed AH (January 1, 2017, through December 31, 2021).
resultsOf the 363 patients with AH (median age, 62 years [interquartile range (IQR, 52-70 years]; 128 women [35%]), 338 (93%) had unilateral AH and 25 (7%) had bilateral AH. It was discovered incidentally in 152 patients (42%) and during the evaluation of trauma in 103 (28%), abdominal/back pain in 90 (25%), critical illness in 13 (4%), and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency in 5 (1%). Etiologies included postoperative complications in 150 patients (41%), trauma in 107 (30%), coagulopathy in 22 (6%), anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy in 39 (11%), adrenal neoplasm in 22 (6%), and sepsis in 11, (3%). Overall, 165 patients (46%) were hospitalized, and no deaths occurred due to AH. Median (IQR) baseline AH size was 34 mm (24-40 mm) on the right and 29 mm (22-37 mm) on the left. Among 246 patients with follow-up imaging, AH resolution was complete in 155 (63%) and incomplete in 74 (30%) at a median of 15 months (IQR, 6-31 months). Patients with bilateral AH were more likely to have underlying coagulopathy (44% vs 3%) and to develop primary adrenal insufficiency (72% vs 0%) than those with unilateral AH (P<.001).
conclusionOften, AH presents as an incidental unilateral lesion with normal adrenal function, commonly attributed to postoperative complications or trauma. In contrast, bilateral AH is rare and typically linked to underlying coagulopathy, with primary adrenal insufficiency developing in most patients.
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