ArticleAnnals of epidemiology2024
Associations of U.S. hospital closure (2007-2018) with area socioeconomic disadvantage and racial/ethnic composition.
Article in Annals of epidemiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systems Factors Contributing to Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Maternal Health: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Spatial-Structural Disparities in Acute Care Accessibility Among Latin American Immigrants and Spanish Speakers in the Rural US South.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Interwoven oppression: A qualitative study of the contribution of racism and sexism to co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorder.American journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- Disparities Across Race, Ethnicity, and Rurality Among Surgical Patients.Annals of surgery open : perspectives of surgical history, education, and clinical approaches · 2026Article
- Why are rural hospitals closing in the U.S.? Predictors identified using explainable machine learning.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal trends, demographic disparities, and predictions to 2040 in gastrointestinal cancer mortality in the United States.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Hospital Socioeconomic Status and Acute Stroke Treatment in the United States.Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Visualizing the Maternal Health Journey for Learning Health Systems: Mixed Methods Combined Experience Approach.Journal of participatory medicine · 2026Article
- Interventions to address inequities in infant mortality and morbidity in the NICU and beyond: A focus on the mother-infant dyad.Seminars in perinatology · 2025Review
- Moderating Effects of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit on Associations Between Race and Elevated Blood Pressure in Chicago.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Leveraging Health Services Research to Address Aging Health Equity.Generations (San Francisco, Calif.) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo examine whether hospital closure is associated with high levels of area socioeconomic disadvantage and racial/ethnic minority composition.
methodsPooled cross-sectional analysis (2007-2018) of 6467 U.S. hospitals from the American Hospital Association's Annual Survey, comparing hospital population characteristics of closed hospitals to all remaining open hospitals. We used multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models to assess closure as a function of population characteristics, including area deprivation index ([ADI], a composite measure of socioeconomic disadvantage), racial/ethnic composition, and rural classification, nesting hospitals within hospital service areas (HSAs) and hospital referral regions. Secondary analyses examined public or private hospital type.
resultsOverall, 326 (5.0%) of 6467 U.S. hospitals closed during the study period. In multivariable models, hospitals in HSAs with a higher burden of socioeconomic disadvantage (per 10% above median ADI ZIP codes, AOR 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09) and Black Non-Hispanic composition (highest quartile, AOR 4.03; 95% CI, 2.62-6.21) had higher odds of closure. We did not observe disparities in closure by Hispanic/Latino composition or rurality. Disparities persisted for Black Non-Hispanic communities, even among HSAs with the lowest burden of disadvantage.
conclusionsDisproportionate hospital closure in communities with higher socioeconomic disadvantage and Black racial composition raises concerns about unequal loss of healthcare resources in the U.S.
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