ArticleCell reports2024
Anti-CRISPR proteins trigger a burst of CRISPR-Cas9 expression that enhances phage defense.
Article in Cell reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Technical limitations of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in bacteria: challenges and future directions.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Dynamic balance of CRISPR-Cas immunity and resistance plasmid anti-immunity mediated by a bifunctional protein AcrIE10.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A leader-repeat hairpin blocks extraneous CRISPR RNA production in diverse CRISPR-Cas13 systems.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Review
- LysR-type regulator LrhA promotes CRISPR-Cas immunity in Escherichia coli.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Abasic CRISPR RNAs inherently harness fidelity of SpCas9 for genome editing.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- Bacteriophage Therapy AgainstMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Phage Encapsulation and Delivery Technology: A Strategy for Treating Drug-Resistant Pathogenic Microorganisms.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Viral effectors trigger innate immunity across the tree of life.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Expression level of anti-phage defence systems controls a trade-off between protection range and autoimmunity.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- The virulence regulator CovR boosts CRISPR-Cas9 immunity in Group B Streptococcus.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Oxidative stress elicited by phage infection induces Staphylococcal type III-A CRISPR-Cas system.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- A type III-associated Cas6 functions as a negative regulator of type I-B CRISPR-Cas system in Thermus thermophilus.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Bacteria exploit viral dormancy to establish CRISPR-Cas immunity.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Immunomodulation in Non-traditional Therapies for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Management.Current microbiology · 2024Review
- A dynamic subpopulation of CRISPR-Cas overexpressers allows Streptococcus pyogenes to rapidly respond to phage.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas immune systems provide bacteria with adaptive immunity against bacteriophages, but they are often transcriptionally repressed to mitigate auto-immunity. In some cases, CRISPR-Cas expression increases in response to a phage infection, but the mechanisms of induction are largely unknown, and it is unclear whether induction occurs strongly and quickly enough to benefit the bacterial host. In S. pyogenes, Cas9 is both an immune effector and auto-repressor of CRISPR-Cas expression. Here, we show that phage-encoded anti-CRISPR proteins relieve Cas9 auto-repression and trigger a rapid increase in CRISPR-Cas levels during a single phage infective cycle. As a result, fewer cells succumb to lysis, leading to a striking survival benefit after multiple rounds of infection. CRISPR-Cas induction also reduces lysogeny, thereby limiting a route for horizontal gene transfer. Altogether, we show that Cas9 is not only a CRISPR-Cas effector and repressor but also a phage sensor that can mount an anti-anti-CRISPR transcriptional response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.