ReviewImmunoHorizons2024
Immune Epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Considerations for Universal Vaccine Development.
Review in ImmunoHorizons, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential Binding and Neutralising Antibody Responses Across COVID-19 Severity in a Saudi Multicentre Cohort.Viruses · 2026Article
- Host Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Northern Mexico: Structural Biology Insights and the Impact of Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Epitope Screening by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Improved Immunotherapeutic Outcomes.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Preclinical evaluation of a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine platform for broad and durable SARS-CoV-2 protection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry: implications for biomedical strategies.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- Beyond the Pandemic Era: Recent Advances and Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Against Emerging Variants of Concern.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Computationally designed multi-epitope vaccine construct targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicits robust immune responses in silico.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Epitopes: Unveiling Potential Targets for Vaccine Development.Biology · 2025Article
- Temporal TCR dynamics and epitope diversity mark recovery in severe COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Computational insights in CD58 binding to ASFV CD2v and in silico optimization of nanobody designs against the interface.Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite the success of global vaccination programs in slowing the spread of COVID-19, these efforts have been hindered by the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains capable of evading prior immunity. The mutation and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 have created a demand for persistent efforts in vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein has been the primary target for COVID-19 vaccine development, but it is also the hotspot of mutations directly involved in host susceptibility and virus immune evasion. Our ability to predict emerging mutants and select conserved epitopes is critical for the development of a broadly neutralizing therapy or a universal vaccine. In this article, we review the general paradigm of immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines, highlighting the immunological epitopes of Spike protein that are likely associated with eliciting protective immunity resulting from vaccination in humans. Specifically, we analyze the structural and evolutionary characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein related to immune activation and function via the TLRs, B cells, and T cells. We aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of immune epitopes of Spike protein, thereby contributing to the development of new strategies for broad neutralization or universal vaccination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.