ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Complete Freund's adjuvant as a confounding factor in multiple sclerosis research.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Injury-transduced oligodendrocytes modulate neuroinflammation and glial activation in diseased and non-diseased central nervous system.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sexual dimorphism in the colonic microbiome and host's transcriptomics profiles of a murine model of multiple sclerosis.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- A C57BL/6N mice model of CP/CPPS established by prostate antigen immunization with DPT and BCG co-administration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Pre-Existing Anti-Inflammatory Immune Conditions Influence Early Antibody Avidity and Isotype Profile Following ComirnatyVaccines · 2025Article
- Metabolic Reprogramming in Response to Freund's Adjuvants: Insights from Serum Metabolomics.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Rat Model of Granulomatous Mastitis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Solanesol: a promising natural product.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Impact of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 on Neuroinflammation in PARK2 Knockout Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Multimodal NIRS-MRI reveals cortical hypoperfusion, hypoxia, and mitochondrial changes in a mouse model of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) is used as a standard adjuvant for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model in multiple sclerosis studies. Still, CFA induces glial activation and neuroinflammation on its own and provokes pain. In addition, as CFA contains Mycobacteria, an immune response against bacterial antigens is induced in parallel to the response against central nervous system antigens. Thus, CFA can be considered as a confounding factor in multiple sclerosis-related studies performed on EAE. Here, we discuss the effects of CFA in EAE in detail and present EAE variants induced in experimental animals without the use of CFA. We put forward CFA-free EAE variants as valuable tools for studying multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.