Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38425994›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2024

3D printed osteochondral scaffolds: design strategies, present applications and future perspectives.

Ge Liu, Xiaowei Wei, Yun Zhai, Jingrun Zhang, Junlei Li, Zhenhua Zhao, Tianmin Guan, Deiwei Zhao

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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  11. Three-dimensionally-printed biphasic PCL/Regenerative biomaterials · 2026
    Article
  12. 3D-bioprinting for joint regeneration.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026
    Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ge LiuSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China.
Xiaowei WeiDepartment of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
Yun ZhaiSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China.
Jingrun ZhangDepartment of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
Junlei LiDepartment of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
Zhenhua ZhaoDepartment of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
Tianmin GuanSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China.
Deiwei ZhaoDepartment of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Articular osteochondral (OC) defects are a global clinical problem characterized by loss of full-thickness articular cartilage with underlying calcified cartilage through to the subchondral bone. While current surgical treatments can relieve pain, none of them can completely repair all components of the OC unit and restore its original function. With the rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, admirable progress has been made in bone and cartilage reconstruction, providing new strategies for restoring joint function. 3D printing has the advantages of fast speed, high precision, and personalized customization to meet the requirements of irregular geometry, differentiated composition, and multi-layered boundary layer structures of joint OC scaffolds. This review captures the original published researches on the application of 3D printing technology to the repair of entire OC units and provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in 3D printed OC scaffolds. We first introduce the gradient structure and biological properties of articular OC tissue. The considerations for the development of 3D printed OC scaffolds are emphatically summarized, including material types, fabrication techniques, structural design and seed cells. Especially from the perspective of material composition and structural design, the classification, characteristics and latest research progress of discrete gradient scaffolds (biphasic, triphasic and multiphasic scaffolds) and continuous gradient scaffolds (gradient material and/or structure, and gradient interface) are summarized. Finally, we also describe the important progress and application prospect of 3D printing technology in OC interface regeneration. 3D printing technology for OC reconstruction should simulate the gradient structure of subchondral bone and cartilage. Therefore, we must not only strengthen the basic research on OC structure, but also continue to explore the role of 3D printing technology in OC tissue engineering. This will enable better structural and functional bionics of OC scaffolds, ultimately improving the repair of OC defects.

Indexed as

3D printingbiomaterialsbiomimetic scaffoldsosteochondraltissue engineering

Identifiers

PMID38425994
PMCPMC10902174

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.