ArticleNeurology. Clinical practice2024
Clinical Outcomes and Tau Pathology in Retired Football Players: Associations With Diagnosed and Witnessed Sleep Apnea.
Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology. Clinical practice, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
1.6field-weighted citation impact, top 17% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-term neurobehavioral and neuroimaging outcomes in athletes with prior concussion(s) and head impact exposure.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2025Review
- Catecholamine Dysregulation in Former American Football Players: Findings From the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project.Neurology · 2025Observational
- RFID-embedded mattress for sleep disorder detection for athletes in sports psychology.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Higher Cardiovascular Risk Factor Burden Associated With Cumulative Concussion History and Age-Related Differences.The Journal of head trauma rehabilitationArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
29 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Sarah J BanksDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6156-0605
Eukyung YhangDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2675-9998
Yorghos TripodisDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2190-7608
Yi SuDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1946-8063
Hillary ProtasDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2974-8998
Charles H AdlerDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-2743
Laura J BalcerDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-4539
Charles BernickDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-3587
Jesse B MezDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1438-5442
Joseph PalmisanoDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-3025
William B BarrDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7711-7758
Jennifer V WetheDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2911-1129
David W DodickDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9486-6790
Michael D MccleanDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3902-8823
Brett MartinDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9158-7190
Kaitlin HartlageDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6732-1286
Arlener TurnerDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-7736
Robert W TurnerDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4229-7087
Atul MalhotraDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-1827
Michael ColmanDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
Ofer PasternakDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
Alexander P LinDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-880X
Inga K KoerteDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1281-9286
Sylvain BouixDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1326-6054
Jeffrey L CummingsDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8944-4158
Martha E ShentonDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4235-7879
Eric M ReimanDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-3696
Robert A SternDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5008-077X
Michael L AloscoDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8113-8428
Alzheimer's Association · US
Funding
UCSD Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center P30P30AG062429 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Mark W Bondi · 2019 to 2026
$34.9MAPOE in the Predisposition to, Protection from and Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseR01AG069453 · NIA · BANNER HEALTH · PI ASHTON, NICHOLAS, LANGBAUM, JESSICA BROOKE · 2020 to 2025
$27.4MResearch Education ComponentP30AG072980 · NIA · BANNER HEALTH · PI Nicholas Ashton · 2021 to 2026
$24.9MChronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Detection, Diagnosis, Course, and Risk FactorsU01NS093334 · NINDS · BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CAMPUS · PI CUMMINGS, JEFFREY L., REIMAN, ERIC MICHAEL · 2016 to 2022
$17.0MIs Obstructive Sleep Apnea Important in the Development of Alzheimer's DiseaseR01AG063925 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI MALHOTRA, ATUL · 2020 to 2024
$3.7MUnderlying mechanisms of obesity-induced obstructive sleep apneaR01HL148436 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Atul Malhotra · 2020 to 2026
$3.4MSleep Apnea Endophenotypes: One Size Does Not Fit AllR01HL154926 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI MALHOTRA, ATUL · 2021 to 2025
$3.3MThe cardiovascular consequences of sleep apnea plus COPD (Overlap syndrome)R01HL166485 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Atul Malhotra · 2023 to 2026
$3.1MVentNet: A Real-Time Multimodal Data Integration Model for Prediction of Respiratory Failure in Patients with COVID-19R01HL157985 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI MALHOTRA, ATUL, NEMATI, SHAMIM · 2022 to 2025
$2.9MTracer harmonization for amyloid and tau PET imaging using statistical and deep learning techniquesRF1AG073424 · NIA · BANNER HEALTH · PI SU, YI · 2022 to 2022
$2.3MDeveloping a Diverse Next Generation of Leaders in Respiratory ScienceT32HL166127 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Laura Elise Crotty Alexander, Atul Malhotra · 2023 to 2026
$1.6MNHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL148436NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL154926NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL157985NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL166485NIA NIH HHS P30 AG062429NIA NIH HHS P30 AG072980NIA NIH HHS R01 AG063925NIA NIH HHS R01 AG069453NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG073424NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS093334
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (SA) is common in older men and a contributor to negative cognitive, psychiatric, and brain health outcomes. Little is known about SA in those who played contact sports and are at increased risk of neurodegenerative disease(s) and other neuropathologies associated with repetitive head impacts (RHI). In this study, we investigated the frequency of diagnosed and witnessed SA and its contribution to clinical symptoms and tau pathology using PET imaging among male former college and former professional American football players. Methods: The sample included 120 former National Football League (NFL) players, 60 former college players, and 60 asymptomatic men without exposure to RHI (i.e., controls). Diagnosed SA was self-reported, and all participants completed the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ, informant version), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), neuropsychological testing, and tau (flortaucipir) PET imaging. Associations between sleep indices (diagnosed SA, MSQ items, and the ESS) and derived neuropsychological factor scores, self-reported depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II]), informant-reported neurobehavioral dysregulation (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version [BRIEF-A] Behavioral Regulation Index [BRI]), and tau PET uptake, were tested. Results: Approximately 36.7% of NFL players had diagnosed SA compared with 30% of the former college football players and 16.7% of the controls. Former NFL players and college football players also had higher ESS scores compared with the controls. Years of football play was not associated with any of the sleep metrics. Among the former NFL players, diagnosed SA was associated with worse Executive Function and Psychomotor Speed factor scores, greater BDI-II scores, and higher flortaucipir PET standard uptake value ratios, independent of age, race, body mass index, and Discussion: Former elite American football players are at risk of SA. Our findings suggest that SA might contribute to cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and tau outcomes in this population. Like all neurodegenerative diseases, this study emphasizes the multifactorial contributions to negative brain health outcomes and the importance of sleep for optimal brain health.
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