SynthesisJournal of travel medicine2024
The immune status of migrant populations in Europe and implications for vaccine-preventable disease control: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of travel medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Does Migration Affect a Child's Immunization Coverage? A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study of India.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Birth Cohort Study on Longitudinal Impact of Internal Migration Status on Routine Vaccination Coverage in the First Three Years of Life - Beijing, China, 2021-2025.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Evaluation of vaccine immunity against tetanus, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella and varicella, in migrant adolescents aged 13 to 18 years arriving in Geneva in 2023.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Observational
- Promoting migrant health as a universal right in the United Kingdom.BMC global and public health · 2026Review
- A cross-sectional study of seroprevalence in Armenia, 2025: measles, mumps, rubella, and diphtheria.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Neonatal tetanus in undocumented migrant families in Saudi Arabia: outcomes and critical care resource utilization in a 10-year tertiary PICU cohort.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Serological Vulnerability and Active Infection Detection Among Recently Arrived Migrants in Spain: Results from a Targeted Screening Program.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infections in Low-Risk Patients, Switzerland, 2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Measles Among the Foreign-Born Population Residing in Spain, 2014-2022: Missed Opportunities for Vaccination.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Vaccination coverage and access among children and adult migrants and refugees in the Middle East and North African region: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Driving delivery and uptake of catch-up vaccination among adolescent and adult migrants in UK general practice: a mixed methods pilot study.BMC medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEnsuring vaccination coverage reaches established herd immunity thresholds (HITs) is the cornerstone of any vaccination programme. Diverse migrant populations in European countries have been associated with cases of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and outbreaks, yet it is not clear to what extent they are an under-immunized group.
methodsWe did a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize peer-reviewed published primary research reporting data on the immune status of migrants in EU/EEA countries, the UK and Switzerland, calculating their pooled immunity coverage for measles, mumps, rubella and diphtheria using random-effects models. We searched on Web of Science, Embase, Global Health and MEDLINE (1 January 2000 to 10 June 2022), with no language restrictions. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018103666).
findingsOf 1103 abstracts screened, 62 met eligibility criteria, of which 39 were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included 75 089 migrants, predominantly from outside Europe. Pooled immunity coverage among migrant populations was well below the recommended HIT for diphtheria (n = 7, 57.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 43.1-71.7%] I2 = 99% vs HIT 83-86%), measles (n = 21, 83.7% [95% CI: 79.2-88.2] I2 = 99% vs HIT 93-95%) and mumps (n = 8, 67.1% [95% CI: 50.6-83.6] I2 = 99% vs HIT 88-93%) and midway for rubella (n = 29, 85.6% [95% CI: 83.1-88.1%] I2 = 99% vs HIT 83-94%), with high heterogeneity across studies.
interpretationMigrants in Europe are an under-immunized group for a range of important VPDs, with this study reinforcing the importance of engaging children, adolescents and adults in 'catch-up' vaccination initiatives on arrival for vaccines, doses and boosters they may have missed in their home countries. Co-designing strategies to strengthen catch-up vaccination across the life course in under-immunized groups is an important next step if we are to meet European and global targets for VPD elimination and control and ensure vaccine equity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.