ArticlePloS one2024
Breast hypoplasia markers among women who report insufficient milk production: A retrospective online survey.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- SUpporting Mothers Milk Intervention Trial (SUMMIT) - a randomised controlled trial comparing different doses of domperidone for treating lactation insufficiency in mothers of preterm infants - study protocol.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Defining Low Milk Supply: A Data-Driven Diagnostic Framework and Risk Factor Analysis for Breastfeeding Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Characteristics and experiences of lactating women with measured low milk production.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo estimate the proportions of anatomical breast characteristics suggestive of breast hypoplasia among breastfeeding women self-reporting low milk supply. We also explored breast hypoplasia risk factors.
designOnline survey conducted between October 2021 and January 2022.
settingFive low milk supply Facebook groups.
participants487 women reporting low milk supply with their first child born ≥ 37 weeks gestation within 5 years of participation in this study, and residing in the USA, Australia or the UK. We present data on the primary outcome ('breast type') for 399 women. Women were excluded if the dyad was separated for more than 24 hours during the hospital stay, or if the mother reported removing milk less than 6 times per day from each breast on most days before being aware of having insufficient milk production. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportions of proposed breast hypoplasia markers including atypical breast type, widely spaced breasts, breast asymmetry, stretch marks on the breast and lack of pregnancy breast growth. We also estimated the odds of having breast hypoplasia markers in at-risk groups compared to reference groups, adjusting for covariates.
resultsApproximately 68% reported at least one atypical breast (270/399; 95% CI: 62.9%, 72.1%). Around 47% reported widely spaced breasts (212/449; 95% CI: 42.7%, 52.7%), 72% a lack of pregnancy breast growth (322/449; 95% CI: 68.3%, 77.4%), and 76% stretch marks on the breast (191/250; 95% CI: 70.7%, 81.3%). Multiple logistic regression analyses identified being overweight during pubertal years as a risk factor for atypical breast type and lack of pregnancy breast growth.
conclusionsParticipants in low milk supply Facebook groups reported high rates of breast hypoplasia markers. Being overweight during adolescence was a risk factor for breast hypoplasia markers. These findings should be confirmed in well-conducted large cohort studies to determine the strongest combination of hypoplasia markers in predicting low supply.
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