ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2024
Non-linear associations of cardiometabolic index with insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose, and type 2 diabetes among US adults: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of insulin resistance in the adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- A novel score to evaluate nonlinear association between insulin resistance and new-onset diabetes mellitus: A cohort analysis.Medicine · 2026Article
- Associations between cardiometabolic index and sleep disorders: Results from NHANES 2015 to 2020.Medicine · 2026Article
- Association of the TyG Index, Cardiometabolic Index, and Epicardial Adipose Tissue With Coronary Artery Disease.Clinical cardiology · 2026Article
- The cardiometabolic index and miR-29a as related biomarkers for insulin resistance and dysglycemia in adults: insights from the KERCADRS study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Linking the cardiometabolic index to coronary heart disease in groups with Diabetes and Prediabetes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Rising cardiovascular metabolic indices are associated with hypertension and stroke risk in individuals with abnormal glucose metabolism: A prospective cohort study.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2026Article
- Association between cumulative exposure to cardiometabolic index and risk of heart failure: a prospective cohort study.ESC heart failure · 2026Article
- Association of atherogenic index of plasma and cardiometabolic index with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in NAFLD patients: NHANES 1999-2018.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- The relationship between cardiometabolic index and hyperuricemia and gout in Korean adults: the 8th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2021).Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Inverse association between cardiometabolic index and endometriosis in women of reproductive age: A cross-sectional, population-based study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Predictive performance of cardiometabolic indices for prediabetes progression to diabetes and reversion to normoglycemia in adults: a cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Gender-Specific Predictive Utility of Twelve Anthropometric Indices for Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Lahu Adults with Dyslipidemia.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Glycaemic Status Modifies the Association Between Cardiometabolic Index and Cardio-Kidney Outcomes: A Multi-Cohort Analysis.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Article
- Comparison of eight insulin-independent indices for identifying insulin resistance in Chinese young and middle-aged adults without diabetes: favorable performance of METS-IR and TyG-BMI.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- When Obesity Hits the Kidneys: Sex-Specific Effects of Visceral Adiposity Indices on Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2026Article
- Weight-adjusted waist index outperforms other obesity indices for cardiovascular disease prediction in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: insights from UK biobank.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Association between cardiometabolic index and gallstones: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2017-2020.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Obesity paradox: association between lipid metabolism indices and skeletal muscle mass in older adults: the mediating role of uric acid.Acta diabetologica · 2025Article
- Cardiometabolic Index as a predictor of mortality in metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a novel indicator for predicting the risk of obesity-related diseases. We aimed to determine the relationships of CMI with insulin resistance (IR), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using NHANES data from 1999 to 2020. Methods: After CMI values were estimated, weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to ascertain whether CMI was an independent risk indicator for IR, IFG, and T2DM. Furthermore, stratified analyses and interaction analyses were carried out to investigate the heterogeneity of correlations across various subgroups. Subsequently, restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to examine nonlinear relationships. Results: 21,304 US adults were enrolled in our study, of whom 5,326 (22.38%) had IR, 4,706 (20.17%) had IFG, and 3,724 (13.02%) had T2DM. In the studied population, a higher CMI index value was significantly associated with an elevated likelihood of IR, IFG, and T2DM. In the RCS regression model, the relationship between CMI and IR, IFG, and T2DM was identified as nonlinear. A nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship was found between CMI and IFG, and an inverse L-shaped association was observed between CMI and IR, CMI and T2DM. The cut-off values of CMI were 1.35, 1.48, and 1.30 for IR, IFG, and T2DM, respectively. Conclusion: Our results indicate that CMI was positively correlated with an increase in IR, IFG, and T2DM in the studied population. CMI may be a simple and effective surrogate indicator of IR, IFG, and T2DM.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.