ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Achilles' Heel of currently approved immune checkpoint inhibitors: immune related adverse events.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peripheral blood cell counts as predictors of immune-related adverse events in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related thyroid dysfunction: a retrospective cohort study.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Fresh-blood immune profiling of immune-related adverse events in real-world patients identifies organ-specific and steroid responsiveness signatures.Immuno-oncology technology · 2026Article
- Real-world management and outcomes of immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis: gaps in guideline adherence and opportunities for implementation.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Observational
- Immune-related adverse events in hepatocellular carcinoma: organ-specific patterns and management approaches.Journal of liver cancer · 2026Review
- Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors: exploring immunomodulatory effects on various immune cell types in cancer.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- The gut microbiome as an actionable drug-sensitivity modulator for immune checkpoint blockade: clinical evidence for FMT, live biotherapeutics, and defined consortia.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Case Report: Nasal swelling and ulceration as a unique immune-related cutaneous adverse event of atezolizumab in small cell lung cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- High-Sensitivity Troponin I and NT-proBNP as Early Indicators of Disease Severity and Prognostic Markers in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Fulminant Myocarditis.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Role of innate immunity in the development of cancer immunotherapy immune-mediated adverse events.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Dendritic cells: the central partner for cancer immunity.Oncoimmunology · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Oncological Biomarker Framework Guiding Precision Medicine.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Treatment Strategies for Cutaneous and Oral Mucosal Side Effects of Oncological Treatment in Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Sonographic Signatures of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Musculoskeletal Adverse Events.Cancers · 2025Article
- Article
- Oncohepatology: Navigating liver injury in the era of modern cancer therapy.World journal of hepatology · 2025Review
- Advancing precision medicine: Uncovering biomarkers and strategies to mitigate immune-related adverse events in immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Is the MAPK ERK5 the nexus from FAO to NK cell-mediated metastasis immune surveillance?Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immune-related adverse events with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors: insights from a real-world cohort of 2523 patients.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Case Report: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis without elevated creatine kinase.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the cancer treatment landscape by opening up novel avenues for intervention. As the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has exponentially increased, so have immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The mechanism of irAEs may involve the direct damage caused by monoclonal antibodies and a sequence of immune responses triggered by T cell activation. Common side effects include dermatologic toxicity, endocrine toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, and hepatic toxicity. While relatively rare, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity can be fatal. These toxicities pose a clinical dilemma regarding treatment discontinuation since they can result in severe complications and necessitate frequent hospitalization. Vigilant monitoring of irAEs is vital in clinical practice, and the principal therapeutic strategy entails the administration of oral or intravenous glucocorticoids (GSCs). It may be necessary to temporarily or permanently discontinue the use of ICIs in severe cases. Given that irAEs can impact multiple organs and require diverse treatment approaches, the involvement of a multidisciplinary team of experts is imperative. This review aims to comprehensively examine the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, incidence, and treatment options for various irAEs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.