ArticlePLOS water2022
Improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), with a focus on hand hygiene, globally for community mitigation of COVID-19.
Article in PLOS water, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping policy gaps and governance challenges in Kenya's hand hygiene environment: a health policy triangle analysis.Health policy and planning · 2026Article
- Qualitative assessment of the water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) implementation in Zimbabwe.Discover public health · 2026Article
- A simple approach to identifying community and healthcare locations for hand hygiene interventions during public health emergencies - Uganda, 2020-2022.Discover public health · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Hand Hygiene Adherence in Selected Healthcare Settings in Latin America and East Africa as Part of COVID-19 Response Efforts, 2020-2021.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Cleaning and Disinfection Practices of Reused Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Containers in Health Care Settings: Evidence from Five Rural Districts in Uganda.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- The Influence of Improved Access to Alcohol-Based Hand Rub and Hand Hygiene Training in Healthcare Facilities on Hand Hygiene Adherence in Belize During COVID-19: June 2021-August 2022.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Hand Dirtiness Assessment to Inform Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Appropriateness in Community Settings in Uganda and Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Article
- Assessing Rural Communities in Central and East Africa: How to Provide Clean Water and Sanitation by 2030.Environmental health insights · 2025Article
- Understanding the drivers of poor infection prevention control (IPC) practices in Kenyan health facilities: An interdisciplinary study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Changes in Access to Alcohol-Based Hand Rub and Hand Hygiene Adherence among Healthcare Workers after a Hand Rub Production and Distribution Program in Rural Uganda before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Perspectives on hand hygiene in Belizean healthcare facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative evaluation with healthcare workers.Journal of water, sanitation, and hygiene for development : a journal of the International Water Association · 2024Article
- Hand hygiene perceptions, preferences, and practices among hospital staff in the Dominican Republic in the context of COVID-19: a qualitative study.Infection prevention in practice · 2024Article
- Longitudinal changes in hand hygiene adherence among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, Dominican Republic.PLOS water · 2024Article
- ATP-based assessments of recent cleaning and disinfection for high-touch surfaces in low-resource shared toilets.NPJ clean water · 2024Article
- Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Public Elementary Schools in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Access to and Use of Hand Hygiene Resources during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Two Districts in Uganda, January-April 2021.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Improving Access to WHO Formulations of Alcohol-Based Hand Rub in Healthcare Facilities: A District-Wide Approach.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Establishment of District-Led Production of WHO-Recommended Alcohol-based Hand Rub (ABHR) during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Model for Improving Access to ABHR during Health Emergencies.Journal of water, sanitation, and hygiene for development : a journal of the International Water Association · 2023Article
- Lessons Learned from the Ebola Virus Disease and COVID-19 Preparedness to Respond to the Human Monkeypox Virus Outbreak in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Infection and drug resistance · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
53 authors at 13 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Continuity of key water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure and WASH practices-for example, hand hygiene-are among several critical community preventive and mitigation measures to reduce transmission of infectious diseases, including COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. WASH guidance for COVID-19 prevention may combine existing WASH standards and new COVID-19 guidance. Many existing WASH tools can also be modified for targeted WASH assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic. We partnered with local organizations to develop and deploy tools to assess WASH conditions and practices and subsequently implement, monitor, and evaluate WASH interventions to mitigate COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa, focusing on healthcare, community institution, and household settings and hand hygiene specifically. Employing mixed-methods assessments, we observed gaps in access to hand hygiene materials specifically despite most of those settings having access to improved, often onsite, water supplies. Across countries, adherence to hand hygiene among healthcare providers was about twice as high after patient contact compared to before patient contact. Poor or non-existent management of handwashing stations and alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) was common, especially in community institutions. Markets and points of entry (internal or external border crossings) represent congregation spaces, critical for COVID-19 mitigation, where globally-recognized WASH standards are needed. Development, evaluation, deployment, and refinement of new and existing standards can help ensure WASH aspects of community mitigation efforts that remain accessible and functional to enable inclusive preventive behaviors.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.