SynthesisCritical care (London, England)2024
Violence against healthcare professionals in intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis of frequency, risk factors, interventions, and preventive measures.
Synthesis in Critical care (London, England), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Workplace violence experiences of intensive care unit healthcare providers: a qualitative systematic review and meta--synthesis.BMC health services research · 2025Pooled it
- Empowering Healthcare Heroes: Unveiling the Impact of Self-Efficacy on Combating Outsider Mistreatment-A Systematic Review.Journal of nursing management · 2025Pooled it
- Workplace Violence Against Healthcare Workers in the Emergency Department at a Tertiary Academic Institute in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Patterns and Associated Factors.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Development of the Nurses' Attitudes Toward Violence by Patients and Patients' Relatives Scale: A Methodological Study.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Psychosocial and Organizational Determinants of Perceived Occupational Exposure and Job Satisfaction Among Intensive Care Unit Nurses.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Problems, Causes, Impact, and Preventive Measures for Addressing Violence Faced by Nurses in Healthcare Settings in Thailand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Workplace Violence in Nursing: Prevalence and Nature of Incidents in a Tertiary University Hospital.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Success factors in prevention activities and training intervention against workplace violence in healthcare: A systematic review.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Evaluating the Predictive Validity of the Fordham Risk Screening Tool (FRST) for Violent Behavior during Inpatient Psychiatric Hospitalization.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
- Workplace violence against nurses is a patient safety crisis, not "part of the job".Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- The Shift in Delivery of Care from Hospital to Community Care Settings: What Changes in Terms of Healthcare Workers' Exposure to Violence.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Violence in emergency services and preventative measures: results from an online survey from Germany.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Inadequacy of interventions to eliminate or reduce violence against healthcare professionals by patients and/or their relatives.World journal of psychiatry · 2026Review
- Sexual Harassment in Intensive Care Unit Settings.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2026Article
- Assessing workplace violence in healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study in Italy.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Experience of Communication with Hospitalized Pediatric and Adult Patients in Intensive Care Unit: Validation and Reliability Analysis of EC-ICU 24-Item Scale.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Article
- Factors Affecting Workplace Bullying Among Intensive Care Unit Nurses and Their Needs for Improving Organizational Culture: A Mixed-Methods Study.Journal of nursing management · 2026Article
- The experiences of midwives with violence from patients, their relatives and friends: A study in perinatal center in Lithuania.European journal of midwifery · 2026Article
- Unraveling the pathways from alexithymia to work engagement among critical care nurses: the mediating effects of social support and organizational trust.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo assess the frequency, risk factors, consequences, and prevention of violence against healthcare workers in intensive care units.
methodsPubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched for studies on violence against healthcare workers in adult intensive care units. Risk factors, patient characteristics, and implications for healthcare workers were collected. Study quality, bias, and level of evidence were assessed using established tools.
resultsSeventy-five studies with 139,533 healthcare workers from 32 countries were included. The overall median frequency of violence was 51% (IQR 37-75%). Up to 97% of healthcare workers experienced verbal violence, and up to 82% were victims of physical violence. Meta-analysis of frequency revealed an average frequency of 31% (95% CI 22-41%) for physical violence, 57% for verbal violence (95% CI 48-66%), and 12% for sexual violence (95% CI 4-23%). Heterogeneity was high according to the I
conclusionsWorkplace violence is frequent and underreported in intensive care units, with potential serious consequences for healthcare workers, calling for heightened awareness, screening, and preventive measures. The potential risk factors for violence should be further investigated. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: The protocol for this review was registered with Prospero on January 15, 2023 (ID CRD42023388449).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.