ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2024
Longitudinal patterns of use of stimulants and opioids in the AIDS linked to the IntraVenous experience cohort, 2005-2019.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and clinical correlates of frailty among adults with HIV infection and unhealthy alcohol or drug use.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Stimulant use predicts high-risk substance use behaviors during medication treatment for opioid use disorder.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Interactions between long-acting antiretrovirals and opioids: a call for clinical awareness.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Characterizing patterns of opioid and stimulant use by route and associations with non-fatal overdose and xylazine use in people who have injected drugs from Baltimore, MD, 2023-2024.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Impact of Longitudinal Patterns of Alcohol Use on Mortality in People Who Inject Drugs: A Prospective, Community-based Cohort Study.Journal of addiction medicine · 2025Article
- Drug treatment and support service utilization amidst the COVID-19 pandemic among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland: An interrupted time-series analysis, 2015-2022.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Changes in injecting versus smoking heroin, fentanyl, and methamphetamine among people who inject drugs in San Diego, California, 2020-2023.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOverdoses involving opioids and stimulants are on the rise, yet few studies have examined longitudinal trends in use of both substances. We sought to describe use and co-use of opioids and stimulants, 2005-2019, in the AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) cohort - a community-based cohort of people with a history of injection drug use living in or near Baltimore, MD.
methodsWe included 2083 ALIVE participants, who had at least two visits during the study period. Our outcome was based on self-reported use of opioids and stimulants in the prior 6 months. We estimated prevalence of 4 categories of use (neither stimulants nor opioids, only stimulants, only opioids, stimulants and opioids), using a non-parametric multi-state model, accounting for the competing event of death and weighting for informative loss to follow-up. All analyses were stratified by enrollment cohort, with the main analysis including participants who enrolled prior to 2015 and a sub-analysis including participants who enrolled 2015-2018.
resultsIn the main analysis, prevalence of using stimulants and opioids decreased from 38 % in 2005 to 12 % 2013 but stabilized from 2014 onwards (13-19 %). The prevalence of using only stimulants (7-11 %) and only opioids (5-10 %) was stable across time. Participants who reported using both were more likely to report homelessness, depression, and other substance use (e.g., marijuana and heavy alcohol use) than participants in the other use categories. On average, 65 % of visits with use of both were followed by a subsequent visit with use of both; of participants transitioning out of using both, 13% transitioned to using neither.
conclusionsWhile use of stimulants and opioids declined in the cohort through 2013, a meaningful proportion of participants persistently used both. More research is needed to understand and develop strategies to mitigate harms associated with persistent use of both stimulants and opioids.
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