ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2024
Mapping the incidence rate of typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Statistical methods for predicting the presence of Salmonella Typhi in wastewater samples at Asante Akyem Agogo, Ghana.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever from 1990 to 2021 and the impact on prevention and control.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Occurrence of human infection with Salmonella Typhi in sub-Saharan Africa.Scientific data · 2024Article
- Mapping the incidence rate of typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Genotypic Diversity amongInternational journal of clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Exploring the antimicrobial efficacy of Manuka honey against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistantFuture microbiology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWith more than 1.2 million illnesses and 29,000 deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, typhoid fever continues to be a major public health problem. Effective control of the disease would benefit from an understanding of the subnational geospatial distribution of the disease incidence.
methodWe collated records of the incidence rate of typhoid fever confirmed by culture of blood in Africa from 2000 to 2022. We estimated the typhoid incidence rate for sub-Saharan Africa on 20 km × 20 km grids by exploring the association with geospatial covariates representing access to improved water and sanitation, health conditions of the population, and environmental conditions.
resultsWe identified six published articles and one pre-print representing incidence rate estimates in 22 sites in 2000-2022. Estimated incidence rates showed geospatial variation at sub-national, national, and regional levels. The incidence rate was high in Western and Eastern African subregions followed by Southern and Middle African subregions. By age, the incidence rate was highest among 5-14 yo followed by 2-4 yo, > 14 yo, and 0-1 yo. When aggregated across all age classes and grids that comprise each country, predicted incidence rates ranged from 43.7 (95% confidence interval: 0.6 to 591.2) in Zimbabwe to 2,957.8 (95% CI: 20.8 to 4,245.2) in South Sudan per 100,000 person-years. Sub-national heterogeneity was evident with the coefficient of variation at the 20 km × 20 km grid-level ranging from 0.7 to 3.3 and was generally lower in high-incidence countries and widely varying in low-incidence countries.
conclusionOur study provides estimates of 20 km × 20 km incidence rate of typhoid fever across sub-Saharan Africa based on data collected from 2000 through 2020. Increased understanding of the subnational geospatial variation of typhoid fever in Africa may inform more effective intervention programs by better targeting resources to heterogeneously disturbed disease risk.
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