SynthesisJournal of medical Internet research2024
Virtual Reality-Based Training in Chronic Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Synthesis in Journal of medical Internet research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 30 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Investigation of the Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Rehabilitation on Muscle Architecture, Balance Control, and Patient Satisfaction in Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain
Investigation of the Effect of a Virtual Reality-Based Back School Program on Pain, Functionality, and Kinesiophobia
Feasibility of an Augmented Reality Novel Approach for the Rehabilitation of Chronic Low Back Pain Patients With Kinesiophobia
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial Evaluating Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (VR-CBT) as a Prehabilitation Intervention for Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Various Virtual Reality Exposure Therapies for Chronic Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Based Early Rehabilitation Strategies on Pain, Sleep, Anxiety, Balance, Cognition, and Limb Motor Function in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Interventions to reduce kinesiophobia in breast cancer patients: a systematic review.BMC women's health · 2025Pooled it
- The Efficacy of Virtual Reality on the Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Diseases: Umbrella Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Virtual reality for the management of musculoskeletal pain: an umbrella review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of Sensor-Based Training Using Exergaming or Virtual Reality in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Immersive and Nonimmersive Virtual Reality-Assisted Active Training in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Pooled it
- Physiotherapy with integrated virtual reality for patients with severe chronic low back pain: cluster-randomized controlled trial (VARIETY).BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Trial
- Virtual reality for chronic primary low back pain in adults: systematic review protocol.Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Effect of Using VR Game-Based Training to Correct Lumbar Curve in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Novel Virtual Reality Intervention Combining Movement Exercises and Body Illusions for the Treatment of Chronic Back Pain: Prospective Feasibility Study.JMIR serious games · 2026Article
- The Effects of Virtual Immersive Gaming to Optimize Recovery (VIGOR) in Low Back Pain: A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Comparing VR-Based Exercises and Routine Physical Therapy Effects on Pain, Kinesiophobia, and Functional Abilities in Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain Patients "A Randomized Clinical Trial".The archives of bone and joint surgery · 2026Article
- Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pancreatitis pain: a narrative review.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Multidimensional Dysfunction in Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Correlational Study of Key Clinical Measures.Pain research & management · 2026Article
- Effect of virtual reality-integrated mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on pain and psychological symptoms in chronic non-specific low back pain: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Translating behavioral interventions into virtual reality: theFrontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Decoding the Uric Acid to HDL Cholesterol Ratio (UHR) as a Novel Metabolic Biomarker for Chronic Pain: Insights Into Precision Diagnostics and Management.Pain research & management · 2026Article
- Exposure-Based Intervention in Virtual Reality to Address Kinesiophobia in Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Virtual Reality Training for Balance in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLow back pain is one of the most prevalent pain conditions worldwide. Virtual reality-based training has been used for low back pain as a new treatment strategy. Present evidence indicated that the effectiveness of virtual reality-based training for people with chronic low back pain is inconclusive.
objectiveThis study conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the immediate- and short-term effects of virtual reality-based training on pain, pain-related fear, and disability in people with chronic low back pain.
methodsWe searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PEDro, CENTRAL, and CINAHL databases from inception until January 2024. Only randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of virtual reality-based training on individuals with chronic low back pain were selected. The outcomes were focused on pain, pain-related fear measured by the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, and disability measured by the Oswestry Disability Index. The immediate term was defined as the immediate period after intervention, and the short term was defined as 3 to 6 months after intervention. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach were used to evaluate the quality of the methodology and evidence, respectively.
resultsIn total, 20 randomized controlled trials involving 1059 patients were eligible for analysis. Virtual reality-based training showed significant improvements in pain (mean difference [MD] -1.43; 95% CI -1.86 to -1.00; I
conclusionsThese findings indicated that virtual reality-based training can be used effectively for individuals with chronic low back pain in the immediate term, especially to reduce pain, alleviate pain-related fear, and improve disability. However, the short-term benefits need more high-quality trials to be demonstrated.
trial registrationPROSPERO CRD42021292633; http://tinyurl.com/25mydxpz.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.