Modern practical management of acute severe colitis.

Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is one of life-threatening complications that occur in one-fifth of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with significant morbidity and an estimated mortality rate up to 1%. There are no validated clinical scoring systems for ASUC. Intravenous corticosteroids remain the cornerstone for the management of ASUC patients However, one-third of patients are steroid refractory and require colectomy in the pre-biologic era or salvage therapy in the post-biologic era. The currently available predictors of non-response to steroids and salvages therapy are sub-optimal. Furthermore, there is a need for the development of clear outcome measures for ASUC patients. Although infliximab and cyclosporin are both effective as salvage therapy, they still carry a rate of treatment failure. Hence, there is an unmet need to explore alternative therapeutic options before colectomy particularly in prior infliximab-exposed patients. This may include the introduction of small molecules with rapid onset of action as a salvage or sequential therapy and the use of slow-onset other biological therapy after "bridging" with cyclosporine. In this article, we explore the current best evidence-based practice and detail the gaps in knowledge in the management of ASUC.