Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38402614›Full record

ArticleCell host & microbe2024

Bacterial defense systems exhibit synergistic anti-phage activity.

Yi Wu, Sofya K Garushyants, Anne van den Hurk, Cristian Aparicio-Maldonado, Simran Krishnakant Kushwaha, Claire M King, Yaqing Ou, Thomas C Todeschini, Martha R J Clokie, Andrew D Millard and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cell host & microbe, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
91citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

91 citing papers in PubMed.

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  16. DNA-intercalating antiphage molecules trigger abortive infection through mutual destruction and synergize with bacterial immunity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
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31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Yi WuSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
Sofya K GarushyantsNational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Anne van den HurkSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
Cristian Aparicio-MaldonadoSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
Simran Krishnakant KushwahaSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
Claire M KingSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
Yaqing OuWellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Thomas C TodeschiniSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
Martha R J ClokieDepartment of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Andrew D MillardDepartment of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Yilmaz Emre GençaySNIPR biome, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Eugene V KooninNational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Franklin L NobregaSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. Electronic address: f.nobrega@soton.ac.uk.

Funding

Intramural NIH HHS Z99 LM999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bacterial defense against phage predation involves diverse defense systems acting individually and concurrently, yet their interactions remain poorly understood. We investigated >100 defense systems in 42,925 bacterial genomes and identified numerous instances of their non-random co-occurrence and negative association. For several pairs of defense systems significantly co-occurring in Escherichia coli strains, we demonstrate synergistic anti-phage activity. Notably, Zorya II synergizes with Druantia III and ietAS defense systems, while tmn exhibits synergy with co-occurring systems Gabija, Septu I, and PrrC. For Gabija, tmn co-opts the sensory switch ATPase domain, enhancing anti-phage activity. Some defense system pairs that are negatively associated in E. coli show synergy and significantly co-occur in other taxa, demonstrating that bacterial immune repertoires are largely shaped by selection for resistance against host-specific phages rather than negative epistasis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate compatibility and synergy between defense systems, allowing bacteria to adopt flexible strategies for phage defense.

Indexed as

BacteriophagesBacteriaEscherichia coliGenome, Bacterialco-occurrenceDruantiaGabijaietASKiwaphylogroupsprokaryotic immunitySeptutmnZorya

Identifiers

PMID38402614
PMCPMC11009048

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.