ArticleImmunity2024
SARS-CoV-2-infection- and vaccine-induced antibody responses are long lasting with an initial waning phase followed by a stabilization phase.
Article in Immunity, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ibuzatrelvir potently reduced viral RNA levels despite a high rate of anti-S seropositivity: a post hoc analysis of serology of the phase 2b study.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Two-year persistence of MERS-CoV-specific antibody and T cell responses after MVA-MERS-S vaccination in healthy adults.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Structural serology of polyclonal antibody responses to mRNA-1273 and NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccines.Cell reports · 2025Trial
- Influence of anti-Spike protein antibody levels on tocilizumab efficacy in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a post-hoc analysis of the COVACTA trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a DNA-based vaccine (INO-4700) against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: phase 2a study in healthy volunteers.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- A targeted metabolic intervention via exercise applied after vaccination shapes kinetics and durability of serum antibody accompanied by a distinct immunometabolic signature: pilot study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Associations of Pre-Pandemic CKD With Acute and Post-Acute COVID-19: The C4R Study.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2026Article
- Long-Term Humoral Immune Dynamics in Healthcare Workers with Hybrid and Vaccine-Induced Immunity: The VaCoMRI Study.Viruses · 2026Article
- Durability and Breadth of Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants Following XBB.1.5 Vaccination in a Multiply Exposed Cohort.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Beyond the blood: Tissue-resident immunity shapes SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antibody responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal humoral and memory B-cell responses to repeated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in long-term care facilities residents.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Improving Assessment of Vaccine Effectiveness by Coupling Test-negative Design Studies with Survival Models.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Large-scale genomic surveillance reveals immunosuppression drives mutation dynamics in persistent SARS-CoV-2 infections.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- COVID-19 vaccination and antibody response in healthcare workers: a longitudinal serological study following the 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccination campaign.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Intranasal replicating adenovirus type 4-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce durable and efficacious responses in preclinical testing.iScience · 2026Article
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Homologous MVA and heterologous DREP/MVA vaccine regimens induce robust and durable immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.Scientific reports · 2026Article
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
It is thought that mRNA-based vaccine-induced immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) wanes quickly, based mostly on short-term studies. Here, we analyzed the kinetics and durability of the humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination using >8,000 longitudinal samples collected over a 3-year period in New York City. Upon primary immunization, participants with pre-existing immunity mounted higher antibody responses faster and achieved higher steady-state antibody titers than naive individuals. Antibody kinetics were characterized by two phases: an initial rapid decay, followed by a stabilization phase with very slow decay. Booster vaccination equalized the differences in antibody concentration between participants with and without hybrid immunity, but the peak antibody titers decreased with each successive antigen exposure. Breakthrough infections increased antibodies to similar titers as an additional vaccine dose in naive individuals. Our study provides strong evidence that SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses are long lasting, with initial waning followed by stabilization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.