ArticleScience advances2024
Waning immunity and IgG4 responses following bivalent mRNA boosting.
Article in Science advances, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Structural serology of polyclonal antibody responses to mRNA-1273 and NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccines.Cell reports · 2025Trial
- Immunological imprinting shapes the cross-reactive antibody responses to the KP.2 and LP.8.1 vaccine doses.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Malaria serology for surveillance, insights into immunity, and vaccine development.Infection and immunity · 2026Review
- Beyond the blood: Tissue-resident immunity shapes SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antibody responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Simultaneous quantification of anti-Spike IgG subclasses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants using a multiplex serological assay.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.PNAS nexus · 2026Review
- Durability of DNA-LNP and mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity of JN.1 and KP.2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Widespread Fab-arm exchange affects all endogenous serum IgG4.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Establishing long-lasting vaccine immunity: insights from mRNA and adjuvanted protein platforms.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Elicitation of neutralizing antibodies and IgG4 subclass switching following booster vaccination with ancestral COVID-19 mRNA vaccines does not reduce breakthrough infections.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Germinal center-mediated broadening of B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster immunization.Science immunology · 2025Article
- Coordinated early immune response in the lungs is required for effective control of SARS-CoV-2 replication.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Determinants of antibody levels and protection against omicron BQ.1/XBB breakthrough infection.Communications medicine · 2025Article
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- Increased SARS-CoV-2 IgG4 has variable consequences dependent upon Fc function, Fc receptor polymorphism, and viral variant.Science advances · 2025Article
- Variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccine boosters enhance humoral immunity and limit IgG4 accumulation in solid cancer patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Fc-effector functional antibody assays for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines were highly effective against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain, but the efficacy of bivalent mRNA boosters against XBB variants was substantially lower. Here, we show limited durability of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses against XBB variants and isotype switching to immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) responses following bivalent mRNA boosting. Bivalent mRNA boosting elicited modest XBB.1-, XBB.1.5-, and XBB.1.16-specific NAbs that waned rapidly within 3 months. In contrast, bivalent mRNA boosting induced more robust and sustained NAbs against the ancestral WA1/2020 strain, suggesting immune imprinting. Following bivalent mRNA boosting, serum antibody responses were primarily IgG2 and IgG4 responses with poor Fc functional activity. In contrast, a third monovalent mRNA immunization boosted all isotypes including IgG1 and IgG3 with robust Fc functional activity. These data show substantial immune imprinting for the ancestral spike and isotype switching to IgG4 responses following bivalent mRNA boosting, with important implications for future booster designs and boosting strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.