ReviewCurrent oncology (Toronto, Ont.)2024
BCG and Alternative Therapies to BCG Therapy for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.
Review in Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of combination versus single-agent immunotherapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Re-induction with nadofaragene firadenovec: a fragile signal that should not influence clinical practice.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Article
- Gemcitabine-Based Bladder Preservation in BCG-Unresponsive High-Risk NMIBC: Evidence, Limitations, and Clinical Positioning.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Recombinant BCG-Ag85A enhances antitumor immunity and controls melanoma progression through multimodal immune activation in mice.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Designing lysate-based hydrogels for on-demand therapy.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- Preoperative Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of Recurrence and Recurrence-Free Survival in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Across Different Intravesical Therapies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Meta-analysis of efficacy comparisons between standard- and low-dose Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccines in managing non-muscular invasive bladder cancer.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Bridging the evidence gap: three-year BCG maintenance therapy shows enhanced protection over one-year regimen in Chinese NMIBC.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Ferroptosis Induction by Fenbendazole Combined With Photothermal Therapy Triggers Dual-Immunotherapy Against Bladder Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Nano-armed bcg delivers Cu-Fe MOF to trigger dual cell death in bladder cancer.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Illuminating the path to oncolysis: rise of microbial phototherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- CD44v6 is associated with tumor aggressiveness and chemoresistance in bladder cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- BLOSSOM Dietary Habits and 1-Year Intravesical Recurrence in High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with BCG.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Type I-interferon β induces a strong anti-tumour response in bladder cancer cells.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2026Article
- The Role of Natural Compounds in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bladder mucosal apoptosis index and quality of life after adjuvant intravesical BCG therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a retrospective propensity-score-matched study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- The clinical landscape of bladder cancer treatment: a brief report on new developments and future perspectives in pharmaceutical interventions.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Traditional Chinese medicine in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a scoping review of syndrome characteristics and critical synthesis of pharmacological and mechanistic evidence.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- The emerging role of the microbiome in bladder cancer: prognostic implications and treatment response.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · 2026Review
- PSCA-directed nanosized bio-immune conjugates (NANO:BICs) enable selective uptake of TLR9 agonists in bladder cancer cells.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Treatment decisions are mostly decided based on disease stage (non-muscle invasive or muscle invasive). Patients with muscle-invasive disease will be offered a radical treatment combined with systemic therapy, while in those with non-muscle-invasive disease, an attempt to resect the tumor endoscopically will usually be followed by different intravesical instillations. The goal of intravesical therapy is to decrease the recurrence and/or progression of the tumor. In the current landscape of bladder cancer treatment, BCG is given intravesically to induce an inflammatory response and recruit immune cells to attack the malignant cells and induce immune memory. While the response to BCG treatment has changed the course of bladder cancer management and spared many "bladders", some patients may develop BCG-unresponsive disease, leaving radical surgery as the best choice of curative treatment. As a result, a lot of effort has been put into identifying novel therapies like systemic pembrolizumab and Nadofaragene-Firadenovac to continue sparing bladders if BCG is ineffective. Moreover, recent logistic issues with BCG production caused a worldwide BCG shortage, re-sparking interest in alternative BCG treatments including mitomycin C, sequential gemcitabine with docetaxel, and others. This review encompasses both the historic and current role of BCG in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, revisiting BCG alternative therapies and reviewing the novel therapeutics that were approved for the BCG-unresponsive stage or are under active investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.