Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38390162›Full record

ArticleHeliyon2024

Vulcanization kinetics and reinforcement behaviour of natural rubber-carbon black composites: Addition of Shea-butter versus aromatic oil as plasticizers.

Bismark Mensah, Boateng Onwona-Agyeman, Frank Nsaful, Isaac Adjaye Aboagye, Nii Longdon Sowah, Prosper Naah Angnunavuri, Vitus Atanga Apalangya

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Heliyon, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
1.5field-weighted citation impact, top 21% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Bismark MensahDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
Boateng Onwona-AgyemanDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
Frank NsafulDepartment of Food Process Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
Isaac Adjaye AboagyeDepartment of Computer Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
Nii Longdon SowahDepartment of Computer Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
Prosper Naah AngnunavuriDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.
Vitus Atanga ApalangyaDepartment of Food Process Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
University of Ghana · GHUniversity of Energy and Natural Resources · GH

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This work is a comparative study between Shea butter (SB) and treated distillate aromatic extract oil (TDAE) as plasticizers in the vulcanization of natural rubber (NR)- carbon black (CB) vulcanizates (-CB-S-NR-). The plasticized -CB-S-NR- composites extended scorch (Ts2) and optimum (T90) curing times. The delays in crosslinking reaction were suspected to be due to the increased viscosity (ML) and insulation of the reacting species (NR, CB, Sulfur and other curing aids) by the films of plasticizers. This effect increased the activation energy (Ea (KJ/mol)) for vulcanization. The -CB-S-NR- without plasticizer SB (SBO), showed higher ML, crosslinking density index (ΔM), rheological strength (MH) and low cure reversion properties than others. In comparison, the SB loaded -CB-S-NR- composites showed improvement in ML, ΔM, T90, with lowers Ea (KJ/mol) than TDAE samples. Also, the SB compounds exhibited higher Young's modulus Eo(MPa) than SBO and TDAE compounds. For instance, the Eo(MPa) of SB5 was over 7 and 1200 % higher than SBO and STD5 respectively. However, -CB-S-NR- filled with TDAE generally showed higher strength(MPa), attributed to stronger CB-NR interactions. Therefore, environmentally friendly SB could replace petroleum based oils for compounding rubbers.

Indexed as

Aromatic oilCompositesNatural rubberPlasticizerReversion and reinforcementShea butter oil

Identifiers

PMID38390162
PMCPMC10881546
OpenAlexW4391788297

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.