ArticleNature neuroscience2024
Blood-brain barrier disruption and sustained systemic inflammation in individuals with long COVID-associated cognitive impairment.
Article in Nature neuroscience, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT06821087 (Evaluating the Neuromodulatory Effect of Ketamine in Long COVID), which is not on this map. Cited by 268 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluating the Neuromodulatory Effect of Ketamine in Long COVID: A Pilot Study Targeting Fatigue and Neurocognitive Symptoms
Who cites it
268 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 337 citations in OpenAlex.
- Taurine supplementation as a therapeutic strategy for cellular senescence and chronic inflammation in long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Metabolic brain changes in post-acute COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis of [18F]-FDG-PET findings.Brain structure & function · 2025Pooled it
- The Omics Landscape of Long COVID-A Comprehensive Systematic Review to Advance Biomarker, Target and Drug Discovery.Allergy · 2025Pooled it
- Modulating subjective and objective cognitive state fatigue in long COVID with repetitive anodal tDCS: results from a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.BMC neuroscience · 2026Trial
- Remote ischemic conditioning improves neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Brain-binding auto-antibodies in subjects with and without post-COVID-syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID-19.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Axial Connectivity of the Lung Microbiome: A Review of Interorgan Crosstalk.Comprehensive physiology · 2026Review
- Hospital-treated infection associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology: underlying mechanisms.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Engineered nanosponges mitigate peripheral stress-induced neuroinflammation and restore cognitive function.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neurological Manifestations of Long COVID: Current Evidence, Emerging Concepts, and Future Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Towards a Neurocognitive Profile of Post-Acute COVID-19: A Longitudinal Study Integrating Subjective Complaints and Computerized Cognitive Testing.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Research Advances on Organelle-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Brain Tumors and Central Nervous System Inflammation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- [The importance of psychiatry in the care and research of Post-COVID].Der Nervenarzt · 2026Review
- Microvascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction across the post-COVID-19 spectrum: a prospective observational case-control study.BMC medicine · 2026Observational
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid induces hyperinflammation and vascular leakage through the Toll-like receptor signaling axis in macrophages.Science advances · 2026Article
- Inflammatory, metabolic, and vascular pathways linking cardiorespiratory fitness to cognition: Results from the IGNITE study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Lung endothelial cytopathic tau is sufficient to impair long-term potentiation during infection.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Consequences of Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
208 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on byBeyond the2026
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
17 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vascular disruption has been implicated in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis and may predispose to the neurological sequelae associated with long COVID, yet it is unclear how blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is affected in these conditions. Here we show that BBB disruption is evident during acute infection and in patients with long COVID with cognitive impairment, commonly referred to as brain fog. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, we show BBB disruption in patients with long COVID-associated brain fog. Transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed dysregulation of the coagulation system and a dampened adaptive immune response in individuals with brain fog. Accordingly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed increased adhesion to human brain endothelial cells in vitro, while exposure of brain endothelial cells to serum from patients with long COVID induced expression of inflammatory markers. Together, our data suggest that sustained systemic inflammation and persistent localized BBB dysfunction is a key feature of long COVID-associated brain fog.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.