ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2024
The conneXion between sex and immune responses.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed.
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals intrinsic and microbiota-associated sex differences in murine lung.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Endocrine-Metabolic Crosstalk Between Diabetes Mellitus and Hypothyroidism: From Network Mechanisms to Translational Stratification.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Review
- Baseline peripheral inflammatory profiles predict phenoconversion in prodromal Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal cohort study.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2026Article
- Role of sex and gender in autoimmune thyroid diseases: mechanisms and knowledge gaps.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in female patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- A Thematic Narrative Review of Osteoarthritis Risk Factors Across the Female Life Course.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Complex effects of sex reversal on reproductive success in wild frogs.Science advances · 2026Article
- Excess Precipitation in Early Growing Season Increases Pathogen Pressure in Semiarid Grassland Ecosystem.Integrative zoology · 2026Article
- Age- and sex-dependent heterogeneity during LPS-induced murine acute lung injury.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- Innate immunity: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Machine learning reveals X chromosome transcriptional signatures that classify systemic lupus erythematosus in females.BMC rheumatology · 2026Article
- Female sex is associated with improved survival after perioperative immunotherapy in resectable non-small cell lung cancer.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- A nomogram-based risk stratification strategy to optimize central lymph node dissection in cN1a papillary thyroid cancer with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.Gland surgery · 2026Article
- Female mice with a Xist deletion in B cells can develop lupus-associated phenotypes.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Trajectories of sepsis survivors in Australia: A scoping review.Journal of the Intensive Care Society · 2026Article
- Investigating the human anellome across the lifespan reveals sex-specific biphasic trajectories.npj aging · 2026Article
- Early-life exposure to 27.5 GHz 5G millimeter-wave radiation induces skin-related biological responses in mice.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Placental and juvenile immune responses to maternal immune activation are differentially regulated by sex chromosomes and gonads across gestation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Varicella zoster virus and the central nervous system.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
There are notable sex-based differences in immune responses to pathogens and self-antigens, with female individuals exhibiting increased susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases, and male individuals displaying preferential susceptibility to some viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections. Although sex hormones clearly contribute to sex differences in immune cell composition and function, the presence of two X chromosomes in female individuals suggests that differential gene expression of numerous X chromosome-linked immune-related genes may also influence sex-biased innate and adaptive immune cell function in health and disease. Here, we review the sex differences in immune system composition and function, examining how hormones and genetics influence the immune system. We focus on the genetic and epigenetic contributions responsible for altered X chromosome-linked gene expression, and how this impacts sex-biased immune responses in the context of pathogen infection and systemic autoimmunity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.