ReviewAnnual review of immunology2024
Beyond the Barrier: Unraveling the Mechanisms of Immunotherapy Resistance.
Review in Annual review of immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bibliometric analysis of knowledge maps and future trends of TIM-3 in cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Second primary cancers following hematologic malignancies: Epidemiology, pathobiology and clinical management.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Journey: From Early Promise to Lasting Impact.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2026Review
- Metabolic reprogramming in cancer-associated fibroblasts: orchestrating the tumor immune microenvironment and response to immune checkpoint blockade.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- CD-73 blocking black phosphorus nanosheets hitchhiked on erythrocytesMaterials today. Bio · 2026Article
- HIF-1-mediated PPME1 expression promotes breast cancer progression via AKT activation and β-catenin recruitment.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- H19 and the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer: emerging evidence, mechanistic links, and therapeutic perspectives.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Mechanistic Links Between Natural Bioactive Molecules and Tumor Immune Microenvironment States in PD-1/PD-L1 Resistance.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- Mitochondrial metabolism and PD-1 blockade: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities in cancer immunotherapy.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Cancer drug response and resistance: molecular mechanisms and combating strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Worldwide Innovative Network Consortium: Building a Common Global Cancer Database.JCO global oncology · 2026Review
- Macrophage-reprogramming calcium alginate microspheres enhance exosome-mediated antigen cross-presentation to boost embolization-immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Endogenous metabolite signaling orchestrates tumor immune evasion.Cell insight · 2026Review
- A calreticulin-linked HPV-16 E7 minigene DNA vaccine elicits strong E7-specific CD8+ T-cell immunity and durable antitumor effects in a preclinical model.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- KAT2A-IGF2BP1-CXCL2 axis in the high lactate tumor microenvironment facilitates resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in lung adenocarcinoma by recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Emerging role of microRNAs as modulators of the tumor immune microenvironment.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- β-Adrenergic receptors as immunomodulators in T cells: mechanisms of neuroimmune crosstalk and pathophysiological implications.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Review
- Argonaute 2 drives resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in immunorefractory non-small cell lung cancer.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Myeloid Malignancies Beyond the Cell: Targeting the Tumour Microenvironment with Next-Generation Immunotherapies.Cancers · 2026Review
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) induces a remarkable and durable response in a subset of cancer patients. However, most patients exhibit either primary or acquired resistance to ICB. This resistance arises from a complex interplay of diverse dynamic mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment (TME). These mechanisms include genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic alterations that prevent T cell trafficking to the tumor site, induce immune cell dysfunction, interfere with antigen presentation, drive heightened expression of coinhibitory molecules, and promote tumor survival after immune attack. The TME worsens ICB resistance through the formation of immunosuppressive networks via immune inhibition, regulatory metabolites, and abnormal resource consumption. Finally, patient lifestyle factors, including obesity and microbiome composition, influence ICB resistance. Understanding the heterogeneity of cellular, molecular, and environmental factors contributing to ICB resistance is crucial to develop targeted therapeutic interventions that enhance the clinical response. This comprehensive overview highlights key mechanisms of ICB resistance that may be clinically translatable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.