Genome-wide association and genomic prediction for iron and zinc concentration and iron bioavailability in a collection of yellow dry beans.

Dry bean is a nutrient-dense food targeted in biofortification programs to increase seed iron and zinc levels. The underlying assumption of breeding for higher mineral content is that enhanced iron and zinc levels will deliver health benefits to the consumers of these biofortified foods. This study characterized a diversity panel of 275 genotypes comprising the Yellow Bean Collection (YBC) for seed Fe and Zn concentration, Fe bioavailability (FeBio), and seed yield across 2 years in two field locations. The genetic architecture of each trait was elucidated via genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the efficacy of genomic prediction (GP) was assessed. Moreover, 82 yellow breeding lines were evaluated for seed Fe and Zn concentrations as well as seed yield, serving as a prediction set for GP models. Large phenotypic variability was identified in all traits evaluated, and variations of up to 2.8 and 13.7-fold were observed for Fe concentration and FeBio, respectively. Prediction accuracies in the YBC ranged from a low of 0.12 for Fe concentration, to a high of 0.72 for FeBio, and an accuracy improvement of 0.03 was observed when a QTN, identified through GWAS, was used as a fixed effect for FeBio. This study provides evidence of the lack of correlation between FeBio estimated