ArticleJournal of human kinetics2024
Nonlinear Analysis of the Hand and Foot Force-Time Profiles in the Four Competitive Swimming Strokes.
Article in Journal of human kinetics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Correlational Analysis between the Rate of Force Development among the Arm Stroke, the Leg Kick, the Full Stroke and Short Distance Front Crawl Speed in Highly Trained Swimmers.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Article
- Exploring associations between energetic and anthropometric characteristics with front crawl technique in young male swimmers using IMU sensors: a preliminary study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Nonlinear interaction between stroke length and stroke rate in elite swimming.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- The Associations Between the Swimming Speed, Anthropometrics, Kinematics, and Kinetics in the Butterfly Stroke.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Human locomotion on water depends on the force produced by the swimmer to propel the body forward. Performance of highly complex motor tasks like swimming can yield minor variations that only nonlinear analysis can be sensitive enough to detect. The purpose of the present study was to examine the nonlinear properties of the hand/feet forces and describe their variations across the four competitive swimming strokes performing segmental and full-body swimming. Swimmers performed all-out bouts of 25 m in the four swimming strokes, swimming the full-body stroke, with the arm-pull only and with the leg kicking only. Hand/foot force and swimming velocity were measured. The Higuchi's fractal dimension (HFD) and sample entropy (SampEn) were used for the nonlinear analysis of force and velocity. Both the arm-pull and leg kicking alone were found to produce similar peak and mean hand/foot forces as swimming the full-body stroke. Hand force was more complex in breaststroke and butterfly stroke; conversely, kicking conditions were more complex in front crawl and backstroke. Moreover, the arm-pull and kicking alone tended to be more complex (higher HFD) but more predictable (lower SampEn) than while swimming the full-body stroke. There was no loss of force production from segmental swimming to the full-body counterpart. In conclusion, the number of segments in action influences the nonlinear behavior of the force produced and, when combining the four limbs, the complexity of the hand/foot force tends to decrease.
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