ArticleBMC oral health2024
Effect of tobacco use on cadmium accumulation in the oral keratinized mucosa.
Article in BMC oral health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- The potential protective effect of naringenin against cadmium-induced toxicity in gingival cells.Odontology · 2026Article
- Toward Smart Salivary Diagnostics: A Comprehensive Review of Heavy Metal Biomarkers and Digital Risk Modeling.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cadmium decreases human gingival fibroblast viability and induces pro-inflammatory response associated with Akt and MAPK pathway activation.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the effect of tobacco use on the accumulation of cadmium (Cd), a carcinogenic element, in the oral keratinized mucosa (OKM).
methodsOKM samples were obtained by standard punch biopsy from nonsmokers (n = 19) and smokers (n = 21). Cd analysis was performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The calibration curve R2 values for three wavelengths (214,439, 226,502, and 228,802 nm) were at the level of 0.9999. The frequency of consumption of foods that are Cd sources, such as seafood, rice, and vegetables, was assessed in all patients. The age, sex, and nutritional habits of all patients and the frequency of tobacco consumption by smokers were recorded. The independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test, and Spearman correlation test were used for the statistical analyses, and p < 0.05 was considered significant.
resultsAlthough the Cd levels in nonsmokers were higher than those in smokers, no statistically significant difference was found (p > 0.05). In smokers, a positive correlation was found between age and Cd level (r = 0.574, p = 0.006). No significant relationship was found between the groups in terms of nutrition or between the frequency of tobacco consumption and Cd accumulation.
conclusionThe OKM may not have the characteristic cumulative accumulation in terms of toxic elements. Changes in the turnover rate, keratinization, and apoptotic mechanisms in the OKM with the thermal/chemical effects of tobacco may be responsible for the difference in Cd accumulation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: TCTR20230206001/06 Feb 2023 (TCTR: Thai Clinical Trials Registry).
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Registered trials
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