Lessons learned and recommendations in conducting solutions-driven environmental and public health research.

Solutions-driven research is a transdisciplinary approach that incorporates diverse forms of expertise to identify solutions to stakeholder-identified environmental problems. This qualitative evaluation of early solutions-driven research projects provides transferable recommendations to improve researcher and stakeholder experiences and outcomes in transdisciplinary environmental research projects. Researchers with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Development recently piloted a solutions-driven research approach in two parallel projects; one addressing nutrient management related to coastal waters and another studying wildland fire smoke impacts on indoor air quality. Studying the experiences of those involved with these pilots can enhance the integration of researcher and experiential expertise, improving solutions-driven research outcomes. Data collection included semi-structured interviews with 17 EPA researchers and 12 other stakeholders and reflective case narratives from the authors. We used conventional content analysis to qualitatively analyze perspectives on implementing innovative engagement and research approaches in a solutions-driven process. Findings that reflect common perspectives include the importance of continuous engagement, the challenges of differing timelines and priorities for researchers and stakeholders, and the need to define consistent markers of success across researchers and stakeholders. Key lessons to improve transdisciplinary research identified from the analysis are (1) improving clarity of roles and responsibilities; (2) planning to provide sufficient, continuous project funding over multiple years; (3) expecting research needs and plans to adapt to evolving circumstances; and (4) clearly defining the end of the project.