ArticlePloS one2024
Income disparities in COVID-19 vaccine and booster uptake in the United States: An analysis of cross-sectional data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Demographic Differences in Long COVID Diagnosis Across Levels of Care: Implications for Clinical Practice.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Association Between Socio-Political and Economic Factors and COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake: US-Mexico Border Study.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Disparities in the Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccination Between Māori and Non-Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2026Article
- COVID-19 and risk of self-harm, suicidal ideation, and poisoning in children and adolescents.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Strengthening global health Equity: The imperative of the WHO pandemic agreement.New microbes and new infections · 2025Article
- Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among vulnerable communities in Texas: Perceptions of 2-1-1 helpline callers.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Review
- Multidimensional Demographic Analyses of COVID-19 Vaccine Inequality in the United States: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Diabetes as a predictor of COVID-19 preventive behaviors.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Exploring COVID-19 Vaccine Decision Making: Insights from 'One-Shot Wonders' and 'Booster Enthusiasts'.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination and Public Health: Addressing Global, Regional, and Within-Country Inequalities.Vaccines · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination has significantly decreased morbidity, hospitalizations, and death during the pandemic. However, disparities in vaccination uptake threatens to stymie the progress made in safeguarding the health of Americans. Using a nationally representative adult (≥18 years old) sample from the 2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we aimed to explore disparities in COVID-19 vaccine and booster uptake by income levels. To reflect the nature of the survey, a weighted logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine and booster uptake. A total of 241,645,704 (unweighted n = 21,554) adults were included in the analysis. Average (SD) age of the population was 49 (18) years old, and 51% were female. There were disparities in COVID-19 vaccine and booster uptake by income groups. All other income groups were less likely to receive COVID-19 vaccines and booster shot than those in the high-income group. Those in the poor income group had 55% lower odds of being vaccinated for COVID-19 (aOR = 0.45, p<0.01). Considering the female population only, women with lower incomes may have greater disparities in access to COVID-19 vaccines than do males with lower incomes. Disparities in COVID-19 vaccination by income may have even greater implications as the updated vaccines are rolled out in the US without the government covering the cost as before.
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