Deep learning vs. robust federal learning for distinguishing adrenal metastases from benign lesions with multi-phase CT images.

Background: Differentiating adrenal adenomas from metastases poses a significant challenge, particularly in patients with a history of extra-adrenal malignancy. This study investigates the performance of three-phase computed tomography (CT) based robust federal learning algorithm and traditional deep learning for distinguishing metastases from benign adrenal lesions. Material and methods: This retrospective analysis includes 1187 instances who underwent three-phase CT scans between January 2008 and March 2021, comprising 720 benign lesions and 467 metastases. Utilizing the three-phase CT images, both a Robust Federal Learning Signature (RFLS) and a traditional Deep Learning Signature (DLS) were constructed using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression. Their diagnostic capabilities were subsequently validated and compared using metrics such as the Areas Under the Receiver Operating Curve (AUCs), Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI), and Decision Curve Analysis (DCA). Results: Compared with DLS, the RFLS showed better capability in distinguishing metastases from benign adrenal lesions (average AUC: 0.816 vs.0.798, NRI = 0.126, P < 0.072; 0.889 vs.0.838, NRI = 0.209, P < 0.001; 0.903 vs.0.825, NRI = 0.643, p < 0.001) in the four-testing cohort, respectively. DCA showed that the RFLS added more net benefit than DLS for clinical utility. Moreover, Comparison with state-of-the-art federal learning methods, the results once again confirmed that the RFLS significantly improved the diagnostic performance based on three-phase CT (AUC: AP, 0.727 vs. 0.757 vs. 0.739 vs. 0.796; PCP, 0.781 vs. 0.851 vs. 0.790 vs. 0.882; VP, 0.789 vs. 0.814 vs. 0.779 vs. 0.886). Conclusion: RFLS was superior to DLS for preoperative distinguishing metastases from benign adrenal lesions with multi-phase CT Images.