Surface-dominant micro/nanofluidics for efficient green energy conversion.

Green energy conversion in aqueous systems has attracted considerable interest owing to the sustainable clean energy demand resulting from population and economic growth and urbanization, as well as the significant potential energy from water resources and other regenerative sources coupled with fluids. In particular, molecular motion based on intrinsic micro/nanofluidic phenomena at the liquid-solid interface (LSI) is crucial for efficient and sustainable green energy conversion. The electrical double layer is the main factor affecting transport, interaction between molecules and surfaces, non-uniform ion distribution, synthesis, stimulated reactions, and motion by external renewable resources in both closed nanoconfinement and open surfaces. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art progress in physical and chemical reaction-based green energy conversion in LSI, including nanoscale fabrication, key mechanisms, applications, and limitations for practical implementation. The prospects for resolving critical challenges in this field and inspiring other promising research areas in the infancy stage (studying chemical and biological dynamics at the single-molecule level and nanofluidic neuromorphic computing) are also discussed.