ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2024
The insular cortex is not insular in thyroid eye disease: neuroimaging revelations of central-peripheral system interaction.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain network alterations in autoimmune diseases: Current status and future prospects.iScience · 2026Review
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor mediates peripheral-central neuroimmune crosstalk in autoimmune thyroid diseases.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic and Neuroimaging Decoding of Brain-Immune Crosstalk in Thyroid Eye Disease.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Associations among thyroid function, white matter microstructure, and emotional disturbances in thyroid eye disease.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Resting-State Brain Activity, Functional Connectivity, and Orbital Imaging Changes in Restrictive Myopathy Associated with Thyroid Eye Disease.Eye and brain · 2026Article
- Glymphatic System Dysfunction in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: A Multimodal MRI Study.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Advancements in imaging research in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Glymphatic System Dysfunction in Thyroid Eye Disease Associated with Disease Activity and Duration.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThyroid eye disease (TED) is highly correlated with dysregulated immunoendocrine status. The insular cortex was found to regulate peripheral inflammation and immunomodulation in mice. This study aimed to explore whether the insular cortex in patients with TED played a modulatory role including the aberrant brain functional alteration and its association with immunoendocrine status.
methodsThis study included 34 active patients (AP), 30 inactive patients (IP) with TED, and 45 healthy controls (HC) matched for age, sex, and educational level. Comprehensive clinical details (especially immunoendocrine markers) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from each participant. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) was used to probe the aberrant alterations of local neural activity. The seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis was used to explore the relationship between the insular cortex and each voxel throughout the whole brain. The correlation analysis was conducted to assess the association between insular neurobiomarkers and immunoendocrine parameters.
resultsWhen compared with the IP and HC groups, the AP group displayed significantly higher ALFF values in the right insular cortex (INS.R) and lower FC values between the INS.R and the bilateral cerebellum. None of the neurobiomarkers differed between the IP and HC groups. Besides, correlations between insular neurobiomarkers and immunoendocrine markers (free thyroxine, the proportion of T cells, and natural killer cells) were identified in both AP and IP groups.
conclusionsThis study was novel in reporting that the dysregulation of the insular cortex activity in TED was associated with abnormal peripheral immunoendocrine status. The insular cortex might play a key role in central-peripheral system interaction in TED. Further research is crucial to enhance our understanding of the central-peripheral system interaction mechanisms involved in autoimmune diseases.
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Registered trials
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