Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38365096›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of obstetrics and gynecology2024

Interest in over-the-counter progestin-only pills among transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive individuals in the United States.

Kate Grindlay, Juno Obedin-Maliver, Sachiko Ragosta, Jen Hastings, Mitchell R Lunn, Annesa Flentje, Matthew R Capriotti, Zubin Dastur, Micah E Lubensky, Heidi Moseson

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Kate GrindlayIbis Reproductive Health, Cambridge, MA. Electronic address: kgrindlay@ibisreproductivehealth.org.
Juno Obedin-MaliverDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
Sachiko RagostaIbis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA.
Jen HastingsDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Mitchell R LunnDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
Annesa FlentjeThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Matthew R CapriottiThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology, San José State University, San Jose, CA.
Zubin DasturDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
Micah E LubenskyThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Heidi MosesonIbis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA.

Funding

UCSF-Kaiser Urological Epidemiology Research Career Development ProgramK12DK111028 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HUANG, ALISON · 2016 to 2025
$5.3M
Gene expression outcomes in interventions for substance using HIV+ minority menK23DA039800 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI FLENTJE, ANNESA · 2015 to 2019
$1.0M
NIDA NIH HHS K23 DA039800NIDDK NIH HHS K12 DK111028
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn July 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first nonprescription oral contraceptive, a progestin-only pill, in the United States. Transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people assigned female or intersex at birth face substantial contraceptive access barriers and may benefit from over-the-counter oral contraceptive access. However, no previous research has explored their perspectives on this topic.

objectiveThis study aimed to measure interest in over-the-counter progestin-only pill use among transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive individuals assigned female or intersex at birth. STUDY

designWe conducted an online, cross-sectional survey from May to September 2019 (before the US Food and Drug Administration approval of a progestin-only pill) among a convenience sample of transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people assigned female or intersex at birth who were aged 18 to 49 years from across the United States. Using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses, we estimated interest in over-the-counter progestin-only pill use (our outcome) overall and by sociodemographic and reproductive health characteristics (our exposures). We evaluated separate logistic regression models for each exposure. In each model, we included the minimally sufficient adjustment set to control for confounding pathways between the exposure and outcome. For the model for age, we ran a univariable logistic regression model; for all other exposures, we ran multivariable logistic regression models.

resultsAmong 1415 participants in our sample (median age, 26 years), 45.0% (636/1415; 95% confidence interval, 42.3-47.6) were interested in over-the-counter progestin-only pill use. In separate logistic regression models for each exposure, there were higher odds of interest among participants who were aged 18 to 24 years (odds ratio, 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-2.10; vs those aged 25-34 years), those who were uninsured (adjusted odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.93; vs insured), those who currently used oral contraceptives (adjusted odds ratio, 1.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-2.44; vs non-users), had ≤high school degree (adjusted odds ratio, 3.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.94-4.71; vs college degree), had ever used progestin-only pills (adjusted odds ratio, 2.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.70-3.17; vs never users), and who wanted to avoid estrogen generally (adjusted odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.67; vs those who did not want to avoid estrogen generally) or specifically because they viewed it as a feminizing hormone (adjusted odds ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-2.19; vs those who did not want to avoid estrogen because they viewed it as a feminizing hormone). There were lower odds of interest among participants with a graduate or professional degree (adjusted odds ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.96; vs college degree), those who were sterilized (adjusted odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.79; vs not sterilized), and those who had ever used testosterone for gender affirmation (adjusted odds ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.90; vs never users).

conclusionTransgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive individuals were interested in over-the-counter progestin-only pill use, and its availability has the potential to improve contraceptive access for this population.

Indexed as

Nonprescription DrugsProgestinsTransgender PersonsAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansLogistic ModelsMaleMiddle AgedUnited StatesYoung AdultNonprescription DrugsProgestinscontraceptionequityequity: gender expression or identityequity: sexual orientationfamily planninghealth disparitieshealth policy and health economicsLGBTQ+ healthtransgender patient care

Identifiers

PMID38365096
PMCPMC11139560

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.