ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2024
Sex-steroid hormones and risk of postmenopausal estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: a case-cohort analysis.
Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intratumoral androstene-3,17-dione defines breast cancer subtype and prognosis.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Inflammatory biomarkers and risk of postmenopausal oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: a case-cohort analysis.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Establishment of harmonized international reference ranges for plasma estradiol concentrations in postmenopausal women.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Effects of cisplatin and tamoxifen chemotherapy on peri-implant bone remodeling around titanium implants in ovariectomized rats: An in vivo study.Journal of periodontology · 2026Article
- Antitumor Effects ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein in Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Insights into Pathogenesis and Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Microextraction of steroidal hormones from urine samples using natural deep eutectic solvents: insights into chemical interactions using molecular dynamics simulations.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Molecular signaling and clinical implications in the human aging-cancer cycle.Seminars in cancer biology · 2024Review
- Mediation effects of metabolites and sex hormones on the relationship between body mass index and breast cancer: Mendelian randomization analysis and mediation analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Correctly identifying the cells of origin is essential for tailoring treatment and understanding the emergence of cancer stem cells and late metastases.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeSex-steroid hormones are associated with postmenopausal breast cancer but potential confounding from other biological pathways is rarely considered. We estimated risk ratios for sex-steroid hormone biomarkers in relation to postmenopausal estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, while accounting for biomarkers from insulin/insulin-like growth factor-signaling and inflammatory pathways.
methodsThis analysis included 1208 women from a case-cohort study of postmenopausal breast cancer within the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Weighted Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator was used to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer, per doubling plasma concentration of progesterone, estrogens, androgens, and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Analyses included sociodemographic and lifestyle confounders, and other biomarkers identified as potential confounders.
resultsIncreased risks of postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer were observed per doubling plasma concentration of progesterone (RR: 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.44), androstenedione (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.45), dehydroepiandrosterone (RR: 1.15, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.34), total testosterone (RR: 1.11, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.29), free testosterone (RR: 1.12, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.28), estrone (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.48), total estradiol (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.39) and free estradiol (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.41). A possible decreased risk was observed for SHBG (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.05).
conclusionProgesterone, estrogens and androgens likely increase postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer risk, whereas SHBG may decrease risk. These findings strengthen the causal evidence surrounding the sex-hormone-driven nature of postmenopausal breast cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.