ArticleLanguage learning2020
Longitudinal evidence for simultaneous bilingual language development with shifting language dominance, and how to explain it.
Article in Language learning, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of intrasentential code-switching patterns in Spanish-speaking English learners.Child development · 2026Article
- Innovations in Conceptual Scoring of a Bilingual Expressive Vocabulary Measure.American journal of speech-language pathology · 2025Article
- Impact of Academic Language of Instruction on Spanish and English Growth and Loss in Bilingual Children.Language, speech, and hearing services in schools · 2025Article
- Language proficiency predictors of code-switching behavior in dual-language-learning children.Bilingualism (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- Understanding the Microstructure and Macrostructure Narrative Skills of Bilingual Adolescents in Relation to Their Language Experience.Language, speech, and hearing services in schools · 2023Article
- Bilingual Vocabulary Assessment: Examining Single-Language, Conceptual, and Total Scoring Approaches.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2023Article
- Semantic Difficulty for Bilingual Children: Effects of Age, Language Exposure, and Language Ability.American journal of speech-language pathology · 2023Article
- The impact of multiple language exposure on cognition during childhood: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Learning Words in Two Languages: Manipulating Exemplar Variability for Within- and Cross-Language Generalization.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2022Article
- The Bilingual Home Language Boost Through the Lens of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- "Did I SayJournal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2020Article
- Language Dominance and Cultural Identity Predict Variation in Self-Reported Personality in English and Spanish Among Hispanic/Latino Bilingual Adults.Journal of personality assessmentArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Theories of how language works have shifted from rule-like competence accounts to more skill-like incremental learning accounts. Under these, people acquire language incrementally, through practice, and may even lose it incrementally as they acquire competing mappings. Incremental learning implies that (1) a bilingual's abilities in their languages should depend on how much they practice each (not merely age of acquisition), and (2) using an L2 more could cause a bilingual to gradually 'unlearn' their L1. Using timed picture naming and vocabulary measures, we tracked 139 children for several years as they transitioned from mostly-Spanish homes to mostly-English schools. Following their increased English use, many became more proficient in English than Spanish around the third grade, demonstrating continual learning. But their Spanish also improved, showing that L1-attrition is not inevitable. Incremental learning explains both co-improvement and L1-attrition as consequences of experience-driven learning: improvement from continuing L1 use can offset competitive unlearning.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.