ReviewEuropean journal of medical research2024
The paradoxical role of cytokines and chemokines at the tumor microenvironment: a comprehensive review.
Review in European journal of medical research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tertiary lymphoid structures guided opportunities and challenges for immunotherapy in early gastroesophageal junction cancer and low rectal cancer.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Prognostic significance of pre-intervention circulating cytokines in digestive system cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- The Unfolded Protein Response as a Modulator of Cancer-Immune Cell Communication in the Tumour Microenvironment.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Euphol targets key oncogenic processes and promotes chemoprevention in organoid and In Vivo models of colorectal cancers.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2026Article
- A metabolic amplification strategy for spherical nucleic acid immunogenicity driven by simvastatin-CpG codelivery.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- The Inflammation-Mediated Bidirectional Relationship Between Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Poly(I:C) Lipoamino Bundle LNPs Induce Tumor Cytotoxicity and Immune Activation with Enhanced Efficacy by Survivin Silencing.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A Single-Cell Atlas of Uterine Carcinosarcoma from Diverse Ancestries.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Distinct biological and molecular characteristics of breast cancer in young women: a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Article
- Current evidence and emerging approaches in immunotherapy for gynecological cancers.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Interleukin-2 and Tretinoin for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and to Target Type 1 Calreticulin-Driven Neoplasms: Advancements in Immune Regenerative Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The microbiome landscape of oral cancer in young patients.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2026Article
- Fgl2-knockout tumor cells serve as a vaccine inducing long-duration brain-resident memory T cells that reject subsequent intracranial tumor cell challenges.Cancer letters · 2026Article
- Chemoradiation of glioblastoma cells alters expression of activation and immune checkpoint molecules on type 1 and 2 dendritic cells and impacts on subsequent T cell proliferation.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Role of laser therapy in enhancing chemotherapy efficiency in breast cancer: low level laser therapy, photochemotherapy, and photodynamic therapy as promising treatments.Lasers in medical science · 2026Review
- Pipe dream to pipeline: Journey of cancer vaccines and the road ahead.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Review
- Innovative combinatory approaches with dendritic cell-based vaccines: bridging preclinical insights and clinical challenges.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Modulating tumor mechanics and vascular barriers to enhance chemotherapy efficacy in pancreatic tumors and melanoma.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 12 institutions in 11 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tumor progression and eradication have long piqued the scientific community's interest. Recent discoveries about the role of chemokines and cytokines in these processes have fueled renewed interest in related research. These roles are frequently viewed as contentious due to their ability to both suppress and promote cancer progression. As a result, this review critically appraised existing literature to discuss the unique roles of cytokines and chemokines in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the existing challenges and future opportunities for exploiting these roles to develop novel and targeted treatments. While these modulatory molecules play an important role in tumor suppression via enhanced cancer-cell identification by cytotoxic effector cells and directly recruiting immunological effector cells and stromal cells in the TME, we observed that they also promote tumor proliferation. Many cytokines, including GM-CSF, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-21, have entered clinical trials for people with advanced cancer, while the FDA has approved interferon-alpha and IL-2. Nonetheless, low efficacy and dose-limiting toxicity limit these agents' full potential. Conversely, Chemokines have tremendous potential for increasing cancer immune-cell penetration of the tumor microenvironment and promoting beneficial immunological interactions. When chemokines are combined with cytokines, they activate lymphocytes, producing IL-2, CD80, and IL-12, all of which have a strong anticancer effect. This phenomenon opens the door to the development of effective anticancer combination therapies, such as therapies that can reverse cancer escape, and chemotaxis of immunosuppressive cells like Tregs, MDSCs, and TAMs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.