ArticleThe Science of the total environment2024
Urinary phenol and paraben concentrations in association with markers of inflammation during pregnancy in Puerto Rico.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bisphenol S and female reproductive toxicity: a scoping review of human studies.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Associations of Exposure to Parabens During Pregnancy with Behavior in Early Childhood.Toxics · 2026Article
- Association of prenatal parabens exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes: the role of prenatal depressive symptoms.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to environmental phenolic compounds and their association with childhood atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis in the ECHO cohort.Environment international · 2025Article
- Pregnancy urinary phenol biomarker concentrations in relation to serum levels of inflammatory cytokines: Results from the EARTH study.Environment international · 2025Article
- Urinary concentrations of early and mid-pregnancy parabens and gestational diabetes: A nested case-control study within the PETALS cohort.The Science of the total environment · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Exposure to phenols and parabens may contribute to increased maternal inflammation and adverse birth outcomes, but these effects are not well-studied in humans. This study aimed to investigate relationships between concentrations of 8 phenols and 4 parabens with 6 inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP); matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 2, and 9; intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1); and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)) measured at two time points in pregnancy in the PROTECT birth cohort in Puerto Rico. Linear mixed models were used, adjusting for covariates of interest. Results are expressed as the percent change in outcome per interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure. Particularly among phenols, numerous significant negative associations were found, for example, between benzophenone-3 and CRP (-11.21 %, 95 % CI: -17.82, -4.07) and triclocarban and MMP2 (-9.87 %, 95 % CI: -14.05, -5.5). However, significant positive associations were also detected, for instance, between bisphenol-A (BPA) and CRP (9.77 %, 95 % CI: 0.67, 19.68) and methyl-paraben and MMP1 (10.78 %, 95 % CI: 2.17, 20.11). Significant interactions with female fetal sex and the later study visit (at 24-28 weeks gestation) showed more positive associations compared to male fetal sex and the earlier study visit (16-20 weeks gestation). Our results suggest that phenols and parabens may disrupt inflammatory processes pertaining to uterine remodeling and endothelial function, with important implications for pregnancy outcomes. More research is needed to further understand maternal inflammatory status in an effort to improve reproductive and developmental outcomes.
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