ReviewFrontiers in neuroscience2024
fNIRS a novel neuroimaging tool to investigate olfaction, olfactory imagery, and crossmodal interactions: a systematic review.
Review in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Shedding light on imagined scents: an fNIRS feasibility study of olfactory mental imagery and semantic cueing.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Efficacy of Olfactory Function Test Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Machine Learning in Healthy Adults: A Prospective Diagnostic-Accuracy (Feasibility/Validation) Study in Healthy Adults with Algorithm Development.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Analysis of Pleasure and Displeasure in Harmony Between Colored Light and Fragrance by the Left and Right OFC Response Differences.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Unpleasant odors compared to pleasant ones cause higher cortical activations detectable by fNIRS and observable mostly in females.APL bioengineering · 2025Article
- Functional activity, functional connectivity and complex network biomarkers of progressive hyposmia Parkinson's disease with no cognitive impairment: evidences from resting-state fMRI study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Olfaction is understudied in neuroimaging research compared to other senses, but there is growing evidence of its therapeutic benefits on mood and well-being. Olfactory imagery can provide similar health benefits as olfactory interventions. Harnessing crossmodal visual-olfactory interactions can facilitate olfactory imagery. Understanding and employing these cross-modal interactions between visual and olfactory stimuli could aid in the research and applications of olfaction and olfactory imagery interventions for health and wellbeing. This review examines current knowledge, debates, and research on olfaction, olfactive imagery, and crossmodal visual-olfactory integration. A total of 56 papers, identified using the PRISMA method, were evaluated to identify key brain regions, research themes and methods used to determine the suitability of fNIRS as a tool for studying these topics. The review identified fNIRS-compatible protocols and brain regions within the fNIRS recording depth of approximately 1.5 cm associated with olfactory imagery and crossmodal visual-olfactory integration. Commonly cited regions include the orbitofrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The findings of this review indicate that fNIRS would be a suitable tool for research into these processes. Additionally, fNIRS suitability for use in naturalistic settings may lead to the development of new research approaches with greater ecological validity compared to existing neuroimaging techniques.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.