ReviewItalian journal of pediatrics2024
The mechanisms of milder clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in children compared to adults.
Review in Italian journal of pediatrics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends in 1-Month Breastfeeding Before, During, and After the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Retrospective Single-Center Study in Japan.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immune correlates of risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: a prospective, community-based cohort study.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Mycobacterial, COVID-19, and Talaromyces Marneffei Infections in Patients with IL12RB1 and IFNGR1 Mutations in Western China.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Biomarkers of long COVID in children and young adults: a scoping review.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Association of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α With Severe Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- Differences in the clinical course of COVID-19 in children and adolescents hospitalized in the 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 seasons - a retrospective real-world study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Pediatrics advances in 2024: choices in allergy, cardiology, critical care, endocrinology, gastroenterology, immunology, infectious diseases, neonatology, nephrology, neurology, nutrition, palliative care respiratory tract illnesses, and social media.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Review
- Interleukin-6, serum albumin levels, and acute kidney injury jointly predict in-hospital mortality in pediatric COVID-19 patients.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Vitamin D Status in Children: Romania's National Vitamin D Screening Programme in Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Observational
- Article
- Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Polish Association of Epidemiologists and Infectiologists, for 2025.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The underlying mechanism behind the different outcomes of COVID-19 in children and adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Symptoms and Conditions in Children and Adults up to 90 Days after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Observational Study Utilizing the Common Data Model.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In stark contrast to adult patients, children who contract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) typically manifest milder symptoms or remain asymptomatic. However, the precise underlying mechanisms of this pathogenesis remain elusive. In this review, we primarily retrospect the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, and explore the factors that may contribute to the typically milder clinical presentation in pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients compare with adults patients with COVID-19. The pathophysiological mechanisms that mitigate lung injury in children are as follows: the expression level of ACE2 receptor in children is lower; the binding affinity between ACE2 receptors and viral spike proteins in children was weaker; children have strong pre-activated innate immune response and appropriate adaptive immune response; children have more natural lymphocytes; children with COVID-19 can produce higher levels of IgM, IgG and interferon; children infected with SARS-CoV-2 can produce lower levels of IL-6 and IL-10; children have fewer underlying diseases and the lower risk of worsening COVID-19; children are usually exposed to other respiratory viruses and have an enhanced cross-reactive immunity. Comprehending the relative contributions of these processes to the protective phenotype in the developing lungs can help in the diagnosis, treatment and research pertaining to children with COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.