Trial reportAnnals of medicine2024
A multicenter feasibility randomized controlled trial using a virtual reality application of pain neuroscience education for adults with chronic low back pain.
Trial report in Annals of medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Various Virtual Reality Exposure Therapies for Chronic Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Physiotherapy with integrated virtual reality for patients with severe chronic low back pain: cluster-randomized controlled trial (VARIETY).BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Trial
- Tai Chi alleviates pain on fusiform-lingual and rolandic operculum-insula circuit in older participants with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled neuroimaging trial.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Trial
- Sustained symptom reduction in complex regional pain syndrome with a novel home-based virtual reality program: a pilot study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Trial
- Research hotspots and emerging trends of pain neuroscience education in chronic pain management: A bibliometric visualization study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Virtual Reality-Based Mindfulness Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR XR and spatial computing · 2026Review
- Design of Immersive Virtual Reality Systems and Their Application in Zoster-Associated Pain Following Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- The Use of Virtual Reality for Pain and Anxiety Reduction: A Literature Review.Acta medica Lituanica · 2026Review
- Feasibility and Efficacy of Commercial-Off-the-Shelf Virtual Reality Applications for Managing Chronic Pain and Enhancing Well-Being Among Older Adults in the Community: Mixed Methods Pilot Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Virtual Reality for Pediatric Postoperative Pain Management: Exploring Methods and Efficacy.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Correlation between changes in spinal pelvic parameters and lower back pain in patients with hip spinal syndrome after total hip arthroplasty: A short-term follow-up study.Journal of orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions on Pain Catastrophizing in People with Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Harnessing the therapeutic effects of nature for chronic Pain: A role for immersive virtual reality? A narrative review.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2025Review
- Application of virtual reality technology improves the functionality of brain networks in individuals experiencing pain.World journal of clinical cases · 2025Article
- Integration of Conventional and Virtual Reality Approaches in Augmented Reality for Theory-Based Psychoeducational Intervention Design for Chronic Low Back Pain: Scoping Review.Interactive journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Feasibility, acceptability, patient experience, and preliminary efficacy of a virtual reality guided imagery intervention for chronic pain.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- From didactic explanations to co-design, sequential art and embodied learning: challenges, criticisms and future directions of patient pain education.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Feasibility and user experience of augmented reality psychoeducation and mindfulness body scan for chronic low back pain.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Virtual Reality to Improve Sleep Quality in Patients Suffering from Painful Diabetic Polyneuropathy: A Proof of Concept Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Lumbar Disc Replacement Versus Interbody Fusion: Meta-analysis of Complications and Clinical Outcomes.Orthopedic reviews · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChronic low back pain (CLBP) is a highly prevalent condition among adults and is correlated to high levels of pain, high disability, and lower quality of life. Pain neuroscience education (PNE) helps to explain the pain experience and can affect psychosocial factors, such as fear of movement, anxiety, socioeconomic status, work life satisfaction, etc. More recently, virtual reality (VR) programs have emerged allowing for immersive PNE experiences.
objectiveThe purpose of this randomized clinical trial is to determine the feasibility of using a VR application for the delivery of immersive PNE (VR-PNE) and other activity training for patients with CLBP presenting to outpatient physical therapy (PT) clinics.
methodsA two-arm, parallel group, randomized controlled feasibility trial of patients was conducted at 12 outpatient PT clinics from March 9, 2022, through September 9, 2022. The intervention group received PT as usual and VR-PNE while the control group received PT as usual. Between group feasibility, acceptability outcomes and other patient-reported outcomes were assessed at six weeks.
resultsA total of 595 individuals were evaluated for low back pain during the recruitment period. Seventy individuals were eligible and met definition for CLBP, 52 enrolled and 32 completed the trial. Participant adherence was 63.6% for VR-PNE and 63.2% for PT as usual. Participants found VR-PNE acceptable and reported satisfaction scores (0-100) of 87.37 ± 11.05 compared to 81.17 ± 23.72 in the PT as usual group. There were no significant differences between groups for the BBQ, BRS, FABQ-PA, FABQ-W, GROC, NPRS, NPQ, PCS, and PSEQ at 6 weeks.
conclusionThe results of the trial suggest that VR-PNE may be acceptable and feasible for patients with CLBP. Study procedures and PT delivery modifications should be considered for the next iteration of this study to improve follow-up assessment rates.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.