SynthesisEuropean journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society2024
Can "Stop The Bleed" training courses for laypersons improve hemorrhage control knowledge, skills, and attitudes? A systematic review.
Synthesis in European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of external bleeding control training courses on lay first-person responders'knowledge, skills, and attitudes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2025Pooled it
- A randomised controlled trial of verbal guidance versus verbal guidance supplemented by a photographic aid for bystander identification of intramuscular tranexamic acid injection sites in a simulated road injury scenario.BMC emergency medicine · 2025Trial
- Effectiveness and retention of extremity and junctional tourniquet training among medical interns.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Mobile triage units for abdominal trauma in sub-Saharan Africa: current evidence, implementation barriers, and strategies for scale-up.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Using geographic information systems to identify Stop the Bleed training locations.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2026Article
- Efficacy of publicly accessible tourniquets: a systematic review of layperson performance utilizing simulation models.Advances in simulation (London, England) · 2025Article
- Implementation and Adaptation of Pathway of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta after Traumatic Injury.Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shockReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn many regions of the world, most trauma deaths occur within 1-2 h of injury due to uncontrolled bleeding. For this reason, training lay first-person responders in trauma care, focusing on hemorrhage control, has been recommended. We hypothesized that STOP THE BLEED (STB) training courses that teach laypersons how to stop traumatic compressible bleeding immediately are needed to potentially prevent deaths due to hemorrhage. This systematic review will analyze the effect of the STB training course on the knowledge, skill, and attitudes of lay first-person responders for hemorrhage control.
methodsPubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to identify relevant peer-reviewed research articles describing evaluations of STB courses for laypersons from December 1 2013 to October 31 2022. In addition, a hand search of article references was undertaken. Studies were included if they implemented the STB course; trainees were laypersons, and the study had some outcome measures such as knowledge, skill, confidence gained, and willingness to provide or utilization of care provided to and outcomes of trauma patients.
resultsThe database searches yielded 2,893 unique papers. We retained 33 articles for full-text review, resulting in 24 eligible papers. Gray literature and manual searches yielded 11 additional publications for a total of 35 studies. The most reported finding was a statistically significant increase in hemorrhage control knowledge or tourniquet application skills in 26 studies. Twenty-two studies reported statistically significant improvements in willingness, confidence, comfort, and likelihood to respond to a bleeding patient, and 6 studies reported substantial reductions in the retention of bleeding control knowledge or skills. Only one study reported on the effect on patient outcomes.
conclusionSTB courses for laypersons have demonstrated significant improvements in knowledge, skill, confidence, and willingness to intervene to stop traumatic exsanguination. The evaluation of clinically relevant patient outcomes, specifically their effect on preventable deaths from traumatic exsanguination, is needed to strengthen further the evidence behind the recommendations for more widespread teaching of "STB" courses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.