ArticleJournal of virology2024
Nucleoprotein reassortment enhanced transmissibility of H3 1990.4.a clade influenza A virus in swine.
Article in Journal of virology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diverse genomic landscape of swine influenza A virus in England (2014-2021).Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis and Transmission of a Reassorted H1 Influenza A Virus Detected in North American Swine.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Rapid surge of reassortant A(H1N1) influenza viruses in Danish swine and their zoonotic potential.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Clinical features of a fatal case of acute encephalitis associated with a novel influenza H3N2 recombinant virus possessing human-origin H7N9 internal genes: a descriptive study.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Active surveillance for influenza A virus in swine reveals within-farm reassortment and cocirculation of distinct subtypes and genetic clades.Veterinary microbiology · 2025Article
- Sources and sinks of influenza A virus genomic diversity in swine from 2009 to 2022 in the United States.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Revealing Reassortment in Influenza A Viruses with TreeSort.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Transmission and Pathologic Findings of Divergent Human Seasonal H1N1pdm09 Influenza A Viruses Following Spillover Into Pigs in the United States.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Article
- Reverse zoonosis of the 2022-2023 human seasonal H3N2 detected in swine.Npj viruses · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
The increased detection of H3 C-IVA (1990.4.a) clade influenza A viruses (IAVs) in US swine in 2019 was associated with a reassortment event to acquire an H1N1pdm09 lineage nucleoprotein (pdmNP) gene, replacing a TRIG lineage NP (trigNP). We hypothesized that acquiring the pdmNP conferred a selective advantage over prior circulating H3 viruses with a trigNP. To investigate the role of NP reassortment in transmission, we identified two contemporary 1990.4.a representative strains (NC/19 and MN/18) with different evolutionary origins of the NP gene. A reverse genetics system was used to generate wild-type (wt) strains and swap the pdm and TRIG lineage NP genes, generating four viruses: wtNC/19-pdmNP, NC/19-trigNP, wtMN/18-trigNP, and MN/18-pdmNP. The pathogenicity and transmission of the four viruses were compared in pigs. All four viruses infected 10 primary pigs and transmitted to five indirect contact pigs per group. Pigs infected via contact with MN/18-pdmNP shed virus 2 days earlier than pigs infected with wtMN/18-trigNP. The inverse did not occur for wtNC/19-pdmNP and NC/19-trigNP. This suggests that pdmNP reassortment resulted in a combination of genes that improved transmission efficiency when paired with the 1990.4.a hemagglutinin (HA). This is likely a multigenic trait, as replacing the trigNP gene did not diminish the transmission of a wild-type IAV in swine. This study demonstrates how reassortment and evolutionary change of internal genes can result in more transmissible viruses that influence HA clade detection frequency. Thus, rapidly identifying novel reassortants paired with dominant hemagglutinin/neuraminidase may improve the prediction of strains to include in vaccines.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are composed of eight non-continuous gene segments that can reassort during coinfection of a host, creating new combinations. Some gene combinations may convey a selective advantage and be paired together preferentially. A reassortment event was detected in swine in the United States that involved the exchange of two lineages of nucleoprotein (NP) genes (trigNP to pdmNP) that became a predominant genotype detected in surveillance. Using a transmission study, we demonstrated that exchanging the trigNP for a pdmNP caused the virus to shed from the nose at higher levels and transmit to other pigs more rapidly. Replacing a pdmNP with a trigNP did not hinder transmission, suggesting that transmission efficiency depends on interactions between multiple genes. This demonstrates how reassortment alters IAV transmission and that reassortment events can provide an explanation for why genetically related viruses with different internal gene combinations experience rapid fluxes in detection frequency.
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