ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2024
Combined "Test and Treat" Campaigns for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C: A Systematic Review to Provide Evidence to Support World Health Organization Treatment Guidelines.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hepatitis B and C Prevention, Screening, and Diagnostic Services at HIV Treatment Sites: International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Review
- Selective capture and digital counting of intact HIV pseudovirus using designer DNA nets, tethered motion, and photonic resonator interferometric scattering microscopy.APL bioengineering · 2026Article
- Role of Community Associations in HIV, HBV and HCV Screening and Support for Migrant Populations in France: Results of the DéPAC Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- Integrating hepatitis and HIV point-of-care testing into mandatory migrant tuberculosis screening in the Netherlands: A feasibility and acceptability study.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Three-Year Outcomes After Programmatic Transitioning to Dolutegravir in the Context of Severe Civil Unrest in Haiti.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Epidemiologic Characteristics of Chronic Hepatitis B and Coinfections with Hepatitis C Virus or Human Immunodeficiency Virus in South Korea: A Nationwide Claims-Based Study Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Database.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Integrating hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus screening for migrants from endemic countries into travel-related and sexual health care in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Prospects for Controlling Hepatitis B Globally.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Opportunistic screening using point-of-care testing leads to successful linkage to care of HBV-infected migrant populations in a low endemic country.Journal of virus eradication · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Worldwide, more than 39 million individuals are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 296 million with chronic hepatitis B (HBV), and 58 million with chronic hepatitis C (HCV). Despite successful treatments for these blood-borne viruses (BBVs), >1.7 million people die per annum. To combat this, the World Health Organization recommended implementing triple testing for HIV, HBV, and HCV. This systematic review aims to provide evidence for this policy, by identifying the prevalence of these BBVs and discussing the costs of available triple tests. Methods: Medline, Embase, and Global Health were searched to identify articles published between 1 January and 24 February 2023. Included studies reported the prevalence of HIV (anti-HIV 1/2 antibodies), HBV (hepatitis B surface antigen) and HCV (anti-HCV antibodies). Results were stratified into risk groups: blood donors, general population, healthcare attendees, individuals experiencing homelessness, men who have sex with men, people who use drugs, pregnant people, prisoners, and refugees and immigrants. Results: One hundred seventy-five studies sampling >14 million individuals were included. The mean prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV was 0.22% (standard deviation [SD], 7.71%), 1.09% (SD, 5.80%) and 0.65% (SD, 14.64%) respectively. The mean number of individuals testing positive for at least 1 BBV was 1.90% (SD, 16.82%). Therefore, under triple testing, for every individual diagnosed with HIV, another 5 would be diagnosed with HBV and 3 with HCV. Testing for all 3 viruses is available for US$2.48, marginally more expensive than the lowest-priced isolated HIV test ($1.00). Conclusions: This article highlights a potential avenue for healthcare improvement by implementing combination testing programs. Hopefully, this will help to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal of elimination of these BBV epidemics by 2030.
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