ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2024
Socioeconomic and geographical inequalities in delivery by cesarean section among women in Bangladesh, 2004-2017.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- The cesarean epidemic in Bangladesh: Associated factors and maternal health risks.Journal of public health research · 2026Article
- From medical necessity to private-sector dominance: a two-decade evolution of caesarean section determinants in Bangladesh (2004-2022).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Caesarean deliveries and double burden of malnutrition: a multicountry analysis in South and Southeast Asia.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- A Retrospective Analysis of the Robson Classification Implementation in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Serbia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Does community pressure matter in cesarean deliveries in Bangladesh? An analysis of nationally representative surveys.PloS one · 2025Article
- Cesarean delivery and its determining factors: A hospital-based study in Jashore District, Bangladesh.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Trends and determinants of caesarean section in South Asian countries: Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan.PloS one · 2024Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThere is a dearth of evidence on the trends and inequalities in utilizing cesarean section (CS) among women in Bangladesh. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the socioeconomic and geographical inequalities in delivery by CS among Bangladeshi women from 2004 to 2017.
methodsData from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2017 were analyzed using the WHO's Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software. Inequalities were measured using four summary measures: Difference (D), Population Attributable Risk (PAR), Population Attributable Fraction (PAF), and Ratio (R). Socioeconomic inequalities were assessed using two equity dimensions: household wealth status, and level of education, while geographical disparities were measured using two equity dimensions: place of residence, and sub-national regions. For each measure, point estimates and their 95% confidence intervals were reported.
resultsAn increasing trend in the prevalence (weighted) of CS in Bangladesh use was found from 4.50% in 2004 to 32.73% in 2017 We found significant socioeconomic inequalities in CS in every survey point, with a higher concentration of CS among the rich (in 2017, PAR = 28.57; 95% CI: 26.69-30.46) indicating a pro-rich inequality, and higher educated (in 2017, PAF = 23.97; 95% CI: 12.26-35.68) sub-groups. We also identified significant geographical disparities in CS with a higher concentration of CS among people from urban areas (in 2017, PAR = 10.99; 95% CI: 10.19-11.79), and a coastal region (Khulna division) (in 2017, PAF: 30.48 (95% CI: 18.66-42.30).
conclusionWe observed both socioeconomic and geographical inequalities in CS exist in Bangladesh, though the trends of these inequalities were curved over time. Thus, it is important to comprehend these pro-rich and geographical inequalities better and implement appropriate interventions and policies to alleviate them.
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