ReviewDiabetes2024
Evidence for C-Peptide as a Validated Surrogate to Predict Clinical Benefits in Trials of Disease-Modifying Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes.
Review in Diabetes, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunomodulatory interventions in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis revealing paradoxical dissociation between beta-cell preservation and glycemic control.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Autologous fecal microbiota capsules are safe and potentially preserve beta-cell function in individuals with type 1 diabetes.Gut microbes · 2025Trial
- Ustekinumab for type 1 diabetes in adolescents: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase 2 trial.Nature medicine · 2024Trial
- C-Peptide Provides Critical Contextual Insight Into Elevated Glucose Values During Progression to Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- Impact of GAD-65 antibody detection on antihyperglycemic therapy in T2D.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Long-term Effect of C-Peptide Level on Clinical Outcomes in the Scottish Type 1 Bioresource Cohort.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Beta cell glucose sensitivity identifies clinical response to disease-modifying therapies initiated at stage 3 type 1 diabetes onset.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- New and emerging therapies in type 1 diabetes mellitus.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Effect of temperature and preservative selection on C-peptide degradation in randomly voided urine.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2026Article
- Redefining β-Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Comprehensive Assessment to Precision Medicine.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Review
- Relevance of Quantitative Measures of Beta-Cell Function in Clinical Practice.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2026Review
- Association Between Cardiometabolic Index and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- C-peptide in Precision Diabetes Care and Beyond: A Comprehensive Review.Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes · 2026Review
- Review
- The Heterogeneity of Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment-2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- Persisting plasma proinsulin levels in a cohort of 482 individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in the Era of Disease-Modifying Immune Therapy.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- The heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes: implications for pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment-2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Call for Standardization of C-Peptide Measurement.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Review
- Type 1 diabetes presenting in adults: Trends, diagnostic challenges and unique features.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
12 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease in which destruction of pancreatic β-cells causes life-threatening metabolic dysregulation. Numerous approaches are envisioned for new therapies, but limitations of current clinical outcome measures are significant disincentives to development efforts. C-peptide, a direct byproduct of proinsulin processing, is a quantitative biomarker of β-cell function that is not cleared by the liver and can be measured in the peripheral blood. Studies of quantitative measures of β-cell function have established a predictive relationship between stimulated C-peptide as a measure of β-cell function and clinical benefits. C-peptide levels at diagnosis are often high enough to afford glycemic control benefits associated with protection from end-organ complications of diabetes, and even lower levels offer protection from severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes, as observed in large prospective cohort studies and interventional trials of islet transplantation. These observations support consideration of C-peptide not just as a biomarker of β-cell function but also as a specific, sensitive, feasible, and clinically meaningful outcome defining β-cell preservation or restoration for clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies. Regulatory acceptance of C-peptide as a validated surrogate for demonstration of efficacy would greatly facilitate development of disease-modifying therapies for type 1 diabetes. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS:
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.